On the sale of every slave, he has, in addition to
the head-money, a dollar and a half, which, at the
rate of 4,000, gives another 6,000 dollars. The
captured slaves are sold by auction, at which the sultan’s
brokers attend, bidding high only for the finest.
The owner bids against them until he has an offer
equal to what he considers as the value of the slave;
he has then three-fourths of the money paid to him,
while one-fourth is paid by the purchaser to the sultan.
Should the owner not wish to part with his slaves,
he buys them in, and the sum which he last names,
is considered as the price, from which he has to pay
the sultan’s share. The trees, which are
his private property, produce about 6,000 camel loads
of dates, each load 400 pounds weight, and which may
be estimated at 18,000 dollars. Every garden
pays a
tenth of the corn produced. The
gardens are very small, and are watered, with great
labour, from brackish wells. Rain is unknown,
and dews never fall. In these alone corn is raised,
as well as other esculents. Pomegranates and
fig-trees are sometimes planted in the water-channels.
Presents of slaves are frequently made, and fines
levied. Each town pays a certain sum, which is
small; but as the towns are numerous, it may be averaged
to produce 4,000 dollars. Add to this his annual
excursions for slaves, sometimes bringing 1,000 or
1,600, of which one-fourth are his, as well as the
same proportion of camels. He alone can sell horses,
which he buys for five or six dollars, when half starved,
from the Arabs, who come to trade, and cannot maintain
them, and makes a great profit by obtaining slaves
in exchange for them. All his people are fed by
the public, and he has no money to pay, except to
the bashaw, which is about 15,000 dollars per annum.
There are various other ways, in which he extorts
money. If a man dies childless, the sultan inherits
great part of his property; and if he thinks it necessary
to kill a man, he becomes his entire heir.
In Mourzouk, about a tenth part of the population
are slaves, though many of them have been brought
away from their native country so young as hardly
to be considered in that light. With respect to
the household slaves, little or no difference is to
be perceived between them and freemen, and they are
often entrusted with the affairs of their master.
These domestic slaves are rarely sold, and on the death
of any of the family to which they belong, one or more
of them receive their liberty; when, being accustomed
to the country, and not having any recollection of
their own, they marry, settle, and are consequently
considered as naturalised. It was the custom,
when the people were more opulent, to liberate a male
or female on the feast of Bairam, after the fast of
Rhamadan. This practice is not entirely obsolete,
but nearly so. In Mourzouk there are some white
families, who are called mamlukes, being descended
from renegades, whom the bashaw had presented to the
former sultan. These families and their descendants
are considered noble, and, however poor and low their
situation may be, are not a little vain of their title.