of the county of Yarmouth—a district especially
exposed to attack—only escaped the frequent
visits of privateers by secret negotiations with influential
persons in Massachusetts. The settlers on the
St. John River, at Maugerville, took measures to assist
their fellow-countrymen in New England, but the defeat
of the Cumberland expedition and the activity of the
British authorities prevented the disaffected in Sunbury
county—in which the original settlements
of New Brunswick were then comprised—from
rendering any practical aid to the revolutionists.
The authorities at Halifax authorised the fitting
out of privateers in retaliation for the damages inflicted
on western ports by the same class of cruisers sailing
from New England. The province was generally
impoverished by the impossibility of carrying on the
coasting trade and fisheries with security in these
circumstances. The constant demand for men to
fill the army and the fleet drained the country when
labour was imperatively needed for necessary industrial
pursuits, including the cultivation of the land.
Some Halifax merchants and traders alone found profit
in the constant arrival of troops and ships. Apart,
however, from the signs of disaffection shown in the
few localities I have mentioned, the people generally
appear to have been loyal to England, and rallied,
notably in the townships of Annapolis, Horton and Windsor,
to the defence of the country, at the call of the
authorities.
In 1783 the humiliated king of England consented to
a peace with his old colonies, who owed their success
not so much to the unselfishness and determination
of the great body of the rebels as to the incapacity
of British generals and to the patience, calmness,
and resolution of the one great man of the revolution,
George Washington. I shall in a later chapter
refer to this treaty in which the boundaries between
Canada and the new republic were so ignorantly and
clumsily defined that it took half a century and longer
to settle the vexed questions that arose in connection
with territorial rights, and then the settlement was
to the injury of Canada. So far as the treaty
affected the Provinces its most important result was
the forced migration of that large body of people
who had remained faithful to the crown and empire during
the revolution.
[Illustration: MAP SHOWING BOUNDARY BETWEEN CANADA
AND THE UNITED STATES BY TREATY OF 1783]
SECTION 3.—The United Empire Loyalists
John Adams and other authorities in the United States
have admitted that when the first shot of the revolution
was fired by “the embattled farmers” of
Concord and Lexington, the Loyalists numbered one-third
of the whole population of the colonies, or seven
hundred thousand whites. Others believe that
the number was larger, and that the revolutionary
party was in a minority even after the declaration
of independence. The greater number of the Loyalists