INDEX

Plans and maps.

Map showing Boundary between Canada and the United States by Treaty of 1783.

Map of British America to illustrate the Charter of the Hudson’s Bay Company.

International Boundary as finally established in 1842 at Lake of the Woods.

Map of the North-Eastern Boundary as established in 1842.

Map of British Columbia and Yukon District showing disputed Boundary between Canada and the United States.

France, Spain, and Great Britain, in North America, 1756—­1760.

Outline map of British Possessions in North America, 1763—­1775.

Map of the Dominion of Canada illustrating the boundaries of Provinces and Provisional Districts.

A short history of Canada under British rule.

CHAPTER I.

The French regime. 1534—­1760.

Section I.—­Introduction.

Though the principal object of this book is to review the political, economic and social progress of the provinces of Canada under British rule, yet it would be necessarily imperfect, and even unintelligible in certain important respects, were I to ignore the deeply interesting history of the sixteen hundred thousand French Canadians, about thirty per cent of the total population of the Dominion.  To apply to Canada an aphorism of Carlyle, “The present is the living sum-total of the whole past”; the sum-total not simply of the hundred and thirty years that have elapsed since the commencement of British dominion, but primarily of the century and a half that began with the coming of Champlain to the heights of Quebec and ended with the death of Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham.  The soldiers and sailors, the missionaries and pioneers of France, speak to us in eloquent tones, whether we linger in summer time on the shores of the noble gulf which washes the eastern portals of Canada; whether we ascend the St. Lawrence River and follow the route taken by the explorers, who discovered the great lakes, and gave to the world a knowledge of the West and the Mississippi, whether we walk on the grassy mounds that recall the ruins of the formidable fortress of Louisbourg, which once defended the eastern entrance to the St. Lawrence; whether we linger on the rocks of the ancient city of Quebec with its many memorials of the French regime; whether we travel over the rich prairies with their sluggish, tortuous rivers, and memories of the French Canadians who first found their way to that illimitable region.  In fact, Canada has a rich heritage of associations that connect us with some of the most momentous epochs of the world’s history.  The victories of Louisbourg and Quebec belong to the same series of brilliant events that recall the famous names of Chatham, Clive, and Wolfe,