or hay.  The arms are made by lashing with fine wire or strong hemp, a piece of wood 1 in. square and 20 in. long, or one cut in the shape shown in Fig. 6, to the rod.  Place the wood arms close to the bottom of the head.  Make a triangle of wire and fasten it and the cross arm securely to the top of the rod to keep them from slipping down.  A false face, or one painted on white cloth, can be sewed on the stuffed bag.  An old coat and trousers are put on the frame to complete the dummy.  If the clothing is not too heavy and of white material so much the better.  To greatly increase the spectacular flight through the air, a number of different colored streamers, 6 or 8 in. wide and several feet in length made from bunting, can be attached about the waist of the dummy.  The complete dummy should not weigh more than 6 lb.

The cannon is mounted on a board with the cap end resting against a cleat which is securely nailed to the board and then bound tightly with a rope as shown in Fig. 8.  Lay one end of the board on the ground and place the other on boxes or supports sufficiently high to incline it at an angle of about 45. deg.  Enough of the board should project beyond the end of the cannon on which to lay the dummy.  When completed as described, it is then ready to load and fire.  Clear away everyone in front and on each side of the cannon, as the dummy will fly from 50 to 100 ft. and no one must be in range of its flight.  This is important, as the rod of the frame holding the clothes will penetrate a board at short range.  An ordinary shot gun cartridge of the paper shell type is used for the charge and it must be loaded with powder only.  Coarse black powder is the best, but any size will do.  When loading. the rod with the wooden blocks, on which the dummy is attached, do not place the end block against the breech end of the cannon, leave about 2 or 3 in. between the end of the cannon and the block.  Insert the cartridge in the 1-in. pipe.  The cartridge should fit the pipe snug, which it will do if the proper size is secured.  Screw on the firing-cap, insert the wire nail firing pin until it rests against the firing-cap of the cartridge.  If the range is clear the firing may be done by giving the nail a sharp rap with a hammer.  A loud report will follow with a cloud of smoke and the dummy will be seen flying through the air, the arms, legs and streamers fluttering, which presents a most realistic and life-like appearance.  The firing may be repeated any number of times in the same manner.

** How to Make a Miniature Volcano [448]

A toy volcano that will send forth flames and ashes with lava streaming down its sides in real volcanic action can be made by any boy without any more danger than firing an ordinary fire-cracker.  A mound of sand or earth is built up about 1 ft. high in the shape of a volcano.  Roll up a piece of heavy paper, making a tube 5 in. long and 1-1/2 in. in diameter.  This tube of paper is placed in the top of the mound by first setting it upon a flat sheet of paper and building up the sand or