[Illustration:  Halberd.  Ranseur and Lance]

be made in two pieces and glued into a hole on each side.  The length of this bar is about 5 in.  The small circular plate through which the bar is fixed can be cut from a piece of cardboard and glued on the wooden spear.

A gisarm or glaive, used by Italians in the sixteenth century, is shown in Fig. 5.  The entire length is about 6-1/2 ft.  The blade is engraved steel with a length of metal work from the point of the spear to where it joins the handle or staff of about 18 in.  It has a round wooden handle painted black or dark brown.  The engraved work must be carved in the wood and when putting the tinfoil on, press it well into the carved depressions.

Figure 6 shows a Saxon voulge of the sixteenth century, 6 ft. long, with a round wood handle and a steel axe or blade, sharp on the outer edge and held to the handle by two steel bands, which are a part of the axe.  The bands can be made of cardboard and glued on to the wood axe.  These bands can be made very strong by reinforcing the cardboard with a piece of canvas.  A small curved spear point is carved from a piece of wood, covered with tinfoil and fastened on the end of the handle as shown.  The band of metal on the side is cut from cardboard, covered with tinfoil and fastened on with round-headed brass or steel nails.

A very handsome weapon is the German halberd of the sixteenth century which is shown in Fig. 7.  The entire length is about 6-1/2 ft., with a round wooden handle fitted at the lower end with a steel ornament.  The length of the spear point to the lower end where it joins on to the handle is 14 in.  The extreme width of the axe is 16 or 17 in.  The outer and inner edges of the crescent-shaped part of the axe are sharp.  This axe is cut out with a scroll or keyhole saw and covered with tinfoil.

An Italian ranseur of the sixteenth century is shown in Fig. 8.  This weapon is about 6 ft. long with a round staff or handle.  The entire length of the metal part from the point of the spear to where it joins the staff is 15 in.  The spear is steel, sharp on the outer edges.

Figure 9 shows a tilting lance with vamplate used in tournaments in the sixteenth century.  The wood pole is covered with cloth or painted a dark color.  At the end is a four-pronged piece of steel.  The vamplate can be made of cardboard covered with tinfoil to represent steel and studded with brass nails.  The extreme length is 9 ft.

The tassels or fringe used in decorating the handles can be made from a few inches of worsted fringe, about 4 in. long and wound around the handle or staff twice and fastened with brass-headed nails.

** An Emergency Babbitt Ladle [264]

Take an old stove leg and rivet a handle on it and then break the piece off which fastens on the stove.  The large and rounding part of the leg makes the bowl of the ladle.  This ladle will be found convenient for melting babbitt or lead.  —­Contributed by R. H. Workman, Loudonville, Ohio.