to be responsible for all its acts and policies.  With his keen foresight he saw the full import of the Report on Manufactures, and we may be sure that when it went forth it was with his full and cordial approval, and after that minute consideration which he gave to all public questions.  But we are not left to inference.  We have Washington’s views and feelings on this matter set forth again and again, and they show that the principle of the Report on Manufactures was as near and dear to him, and as full of meaning, as it was to Hamilton.

Washington was brought up and had lived all his life under a system which came as near as possible to the ideal of the modern free-trader.  The people of Virginia were devoted almost entirely to a single interest, tobacco-growing, that being the occupation in which they could most profitably engage.  No legislative artifices had been employed to enable them to diversify their industries or to establish manufactures.  They bought in the cheapest market every luxury and most of the necessities of life.  British merchants supplied all their wants, carried their tobacco, and advanced them money.  Cheap labor, a single staple with wide fluctuations of value, a credit system, entire dependence on foreigners, and absolute free trade according to the Manchester theories, should have produced an earthly paradise.  As a matter of fact, the Virginia planters had little ready money and were deeply in debt.  Bankruptcy, as has been already said, seems to have come to them about once in a generation.  The land, rapidly exhausted by tobacco, was prodigally wasted, and the general prosperity declined.  Washington, with his strong sense and perfect business methods, personally escaped most of these evils, but he saw the mischief of the system all the more clearly.  It was bad enough in his time, but he did not live to see Virginia with her wasted and exhausted lands stand still, while her sister States to the north passed her with giant strides in the race for wealth and population.  He did not live to see her become, as a result of her colonial system, a mere breeder of slaves for the plantations of the Gulf States.  But he saw enough, and the lesson taught him by the results of industrial dependence was well learned.

When the war came and he was carrying the terrible burden of the Revolution, he learned the same lesson in a new and more bitter way.  Nothing went so near to wreck the American cause as lack of all the supplies by which war was carried on, for the United States produced little or nothing of what was then needed.  The resources of the northern colonies were soon exhausted, and the South had none.  Powder, cannon, muskets, clothing, medical stores, all were lacking, and the fate of the nation hung trembling in the balance on account of the dependence in which the colonies had been kept by the skillful policy of England.  These were teachings that a lesser man than Washington would have taken to heart and