{234} Science of Thought, Longmans, 1887, p. 9.

{245} Published in the Universal Review, April, May, and June, 1890.

{259a} Voyages of the “Adventure” and “Beagle,” iii. p. 237.

{259b} Luck or Cunning, pp. 170, 180.

{260} Journals of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Zoology, vol. iii.), 1859, p. 62.

{261} Darwinism (Macmillan, 1889), p. 129.

{263} See Nature, March 6, 1890.

{265} Origin of Species, sixth edition, 1888, vol. i. p. 168.

{266} Origin of Species, sixth edition, 1888, vol. ii. p. 261.

{271} Mr. J. T. Cunningham, of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Plymouth, has called my attention to the fact that I have ascribed to Professor Ray Lankester a criticism on Mr. Wallace’s remarks upon the eyes of certain flat-fish, which Professor Ray Lankester was, in reality, only adopting—­with full acknowledgment—­from Mr. Cunningham.  Mr. Cunningham has left it to me whether to correct my omission publicly or not, but he would so plainly prefer my doing so that I consider myself bound to insert this note.  Curiously enough, I find that in my book Evolution, Old and New I gave what Lamarck actually said upon the eyes of flat-fish, and, having been led to return to the subject, I may as well quote his words.  He wrote:—­

“Need—­always occasioned by the circumstances in which an animal is placed, and followed by sustained efforts at gratification—­can not only modify an organ—­that is to say, augment or reduce it—­but can change its position when the case requires its removal.

“Ocean fishes have occasion to see what is on either side of them, and have their eyes accordingly placed on either side of their head.  Some fishes, however, have their abode near coasts on submarine banks and inclinations, and are thus forced to flatten themselves as much as possible in order to get as near as they can to the shore.  In this situation they receive more light from above than from below, and find it necessary to pay attention to whatever happens to be above them; this need has involved the displacement of their eyes, which now take the remarkable position which we observe in the case of soles, turbots, plaice, etc.  The transfer of position is not even yet complete in the case of these fishes, and the eyes are not, therefore, symmetrically placed; but they are so with the skate, whose head and whole body are equally disposed on either side a longitudinal section.  Hence the eyes of this fish are placed symmetrically upon the uppermost side.”—­Philosophie Zoologique, tom. i. pp. 250, 251.  Edition C. Martins.  Paris, 1873.

{274a} Essays on Heredity, etc., Oxford, 1889, p. 171.

{274b} Ibid., p. 266.

{275} Darwinism, 1889, p. 440.

{277} Page 83.

{279} Vol. i. p. 466, etc.  Ed. 1885.

{286} Darwinism, p. 440.