Introduction By R. A. Streatfeild

The nucleus of this book is the collection of essays by Samuel Butler, which was originally published by Mr. Grant Richards in 1904 under the title Essays on Life, Art and Science, and reissued by Mr. Fifield in 1908.  To these are now added another essay, entitled “The Humour of Homer,” a biographical sketch of the author kindly contributed by Mr. Henry Festing Jones, which will add materially to the value of the edition, and a portrait in photogravure from a photograph taken in 1889—­the period of the essays.

[Photograph of Samuel Butler.  Caption reads:  From a photograph made by Pizzetta in Varallo in 1889.  Emery Walker Ltd., ph. sc. butler.jpg]

“The Humour of Homer” was originally delivered as a lecture at the Working Men’s College in Great Ormond Street on the 30th January, 1892, the day on which Butler first promulgated his theory of the Trapanese origin of the Odyssey in a letter to the Athenaeum.  Later in the same year it was published with some additional matter by Messrs. Metcalfe and Co. of Cambridge.  For the next five years Butler was engaged upon researches into the origin and authorship of the Odyssey, the results of which are embodied in his book The Authoress of the “Odyssey,” originally published by Messrs. Longman in 1897.  Butler incorporated a good deal of “The Humour of Homer” into The Authoress of the “Odyssey,” but the section relating to the Iliad naturally found no place in the later work.  For the sake of this alone “The Humour of Homer” deserves to be better known.  Written as it was for an artisan audience and professing to deal only with one side of Homer’s genius, “The Humour of Homer” must not, of course, be taken as an exhaustive statement of Butler’s views upon Homeric questions.  It touches but lightly on important points, particularly regarding the origin and authorship of the Odyssey, which are treated at much greater length in The Authoress of the “Odyssey.”

Nevertheless, “The Humour of Homer” appears to me to have a special value as a kind of general introduction to Butler’s more detailed study of the Odyssey.  His attitude towards the Homeric poems is here expressed with extraordinary freshness and force.  What that attitude was is best explained by his own words:  “If a person would understand either the Odyssey or any other ancient work, he must never look at the dead without seeing the living in them, nor at the living without thinking of the dead.  We are too fond of seeing the ancients as one thing and the moderns as another.”  Butler did not undervalue the philological and archaeological importance of the Iliad and the Odyssey, but it was mainly as human documents that they appealed to him.  This, I am inclined to suspect, was the root of the objection of academic critics to him and his theories.  They did not so much resent the suggestion that the author of the Odyssey was a woman; they could not endure that he should be treated as a human being.