[Footnote 1:  Livy, Epit., 103.]

[Footnote 2:  Momm., IV, 244.]

[Footnote 3:  App., Bell.  Civ., II, c. 10.]

[Footnote 4:  Compare Dio Cassius, Bk., XXXVIII, c. 1:  “[Greek:  Taen de choran taen de koinaen hapasan plaen taes Kampanidos eneme, tautaen gar en to daemosio ezaireton dia taen aretaen synebouleusen einai.]”]

[Footnote 5:  Compare Suetonius’ Caesar, c. 20:  “Campum Stellatem, majoribus consecratum, agrumque Campanum, ad subsidea reipublicae (sic) vectigalem relictum.”]

[Footnote 6:  App., II, c. 11.]

[Footnote 7:  App., II, c. 20, and Suetonius, Julius Caesar, c. 20.]

[Footnote 8:  Suetonius, loc. cit.]

[Footnote 9:  Lange, Roem.  Alter., III, 273.]

[Footnote 10:  Cicero, ad.  Att., VIII, 4.]

[Footnote 11:  Dion Cassius, 45, c. 12; Cicero, ad Att., X, 8.]

[Footnote 12:  Cicero, Phil., II, 39:  “agrum Campanum, qui cum de vectigalibus eximebatur, ut militibus daretur.”  Marquardt u.  Momm., Roem.  Alter., IV, 114.]

[Footnote 13:  Momm., IV. 244.]

[Footnote 14:  Momm., III, 392, 428.]

[Footnote 15:  Momm., III, 392, 428.]

SEC. 18.—­DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AFTER THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN CAESAR AND POMPEY.

After Pompey had been vanquished at Pharsalia, and the republicans in Africa, Caesar proceeded to distribute lands to his soldiers in accordance with his promise to give them lands, “not by taking them from their proprietors as Sulla did; not by mixing colonists with citizens despoiled of their goods and thus breeding perpetual strife,—­but by dividing both public land and his own private property,[1] and, if this were not sufficient, by buying what was needed.”  Appian says that Caesar did not succeed in carrying out these promises in full, but that veterans were in some cases settled upon lands legally belonging to others.[2] However, his soldiers were not huddled together like those of Sulla, in military colonies of their own, but when they settled in Italy they were scattered[3] as much as possible throughout the entire peninsula in order to make them more easily amenable to the laws.[4] In Campania, where Caesar had lands at his disposal, the soldiers were settled in colonies, and so, close together.  According to a letter of Cicero to Paetus, among the lands distributed were those of Veii and Capena.  Historians have estimated that there were 100,000 soldiers who received lands in Italy by this distribution.

[Footnote 1:  App., 94.]

[Footnote 2:  App., II, 120.]

[Footnote 3:  Long; Momm.]

[Footnote 4:  Suetonius, Julius Caesar, 38.]

SEC. 19.—­DISTRIBUTIONS FROM THE DEATH OF CAESAR TO THE TIME OF AUGUSTUS.