[Footnote 8:  Vinum, inquit, si non placet, mutabo; vos illud, oportet faciatis.  Deorum beneficio n[=o]n emo, sed nune, quidquid ad salivam facit, in suburbano nascitur eo quod ego adhue non navi.  Dicitur confine esse Tarracinensibus et Tarentinis.]

[Footnote 9:  Quod si contigerit Apuliae fundos jungere, satis vivus pervenero, (Ibid. 77.)]

[Footnote 10:  Nunc conjungere agellis Siciliam volo, ut quun Africam libuerit ire, per meos fines navigem.  Sat.,48.]

[Footnote 11:  Ad Fam., V, 6:  “quod de Crasso domum emissem emi eam ipsam domum H.S., XXXV.”]

[Footnote 12:  Plutarch, Life of Marius.]

[Footnote 13:  De Repub., III, 7:  Cur autem, si pecuniae modus statuendus fuit feminis, P. Crassi filia posset habere, si unica patri esset, aeris millies, salva lege?]

[Footnote 14:  Cicero, Paradoxia, VI.]

[Footnote 15:  Pliny, Hist.  Nat.,XXXIII, 10.]

[Footnote 16:  Plutarch, Crassus, c. 1 and 2.]

[Footnote 17:  Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae,VI, 104.]

[Footnote 18:  Caesar, Bell.  Civ.,I, 17.]

SEC. 10.—­THE INFLUENCE OF SLAVERY.

The last of the evils which we wish to mention as bringing about the deplorable condition of the plebeians at the time of the Gracchi, and which brought more degradation and ruin in its train than all the others, is slavery.  Licinius Stolo had attempted in vain to combat it.  Twenty-four centuries of fruitless legislation since his death has scarcely yet taught the most enlightened nations that it is a waste of energy to regulate by law the greatest crime against humanity, so long as the conditions which produced it remain the same.  The Roman legions, sturdy plebeians, marched on to the conquest of the world.  For what?  To bring home vast throngs of captives who were destined, as slaves, to eat the bread, to sap the life blood, of their conquerors.  The substitution of slaves for freemen in the labors of the city and country, in the manual arts and industries, grew in proportion to the number of captives sold in the markets of Rome.  All the rich men followed more or less the example of Crassus; they had among their slaves, weavers, carvers, embroiderers, painters, architects, physicians, and teachers.  Suetonius tells us that Augustus wore no clothing save that manufactured by slaves in his own house.  Atticus hired his slaves to the public in the capacity of copyists.  Cicero used slaves as amanuenses.  The government employed slaves in the subordinate posts in administration; the police, the guard of monuments and arsenals, the manufacture of arms and munitions of war, the building of navies, etc.  The priests of the temples and the colleges of pontiffs had their familiae of slaves.