(1.) Municipia sine suffragio, for example, Caere and Etruria, had only interior privileges; their inhabitants could not vote at Rome and, consequently, could not[32] participate in the exercise of sovereignty.

(2.) Municipia cum suffragio had, outside of their political and civil rights, the important right of voting[33] at Rome.  These citizens of villages had then, as Cicero said of the citizens of Arpinum, two countries, one ex natura, the other ex jure.  Lastly, there were some cities in the south of Italy, i.e. in Magna Graecia, that had received[34] the name of federated cities.  They did not appear to be subject to Rome; their contingents of men and money were looked upon as voluntary[35] gifts; but, in reality, they were under the domination of Rome, and had, at Rome, defenders or patrons chosen because of their influence with the Roman citizens and charged with maintaining their interests.  Such was the system adopted by Rome.  It would have been easy for a person in the compass of a few miles to find villages having the jus Latii, others with simply the jus Italicum, colonies, prefectures, municipia cum et sine suffragio.  The object of the Romans was evident.  They planned to govern.  Cities alike in interests and patriotic motives were separated by this diversity of rights and the jealousies and hatreds which resulted from it.  Concord, which was necessary to any united and general insurrection, was rendered impossible between towns, some of which were objects of envy, others, of pity.  Their condition, moreover, was such that all, even the most fortunate, had something to gain by showing themselves faithful; and all, even the most wretched, had something to fear if they did not prove tractable.  These Italians, with all the varied privileges and burdens enumerated above, far outnumbered the Roman citizens.[36] A comparison of the numbers of the census of 115 and that of 70 shows that the numbers of Italians and Romans were[37] as three to two.  All these Italians aspired to Roman citizenship, to enjoy the right to vote to which some of their number had been admitted, and the struggle which was sometime to end in their complete emancipation had already commenced.  During the first centuries of Roman history, Rome was divided into two classes, patricians and plebeians.  The plebeians by heroic efforts had broken down the barriers that separated them from the patricians.  The privilege of intermarriage, the possibility of obtaining the highest offices of the state, the substitution of the comitia tributa for the other two assemblies, had not made of Rome “an unbridled democracy,” but all these benefits obtained by tribunician agitation, all the far-reaching advances gained by force of laws and not of arms, had constituted at Rome a single people and created a true Roman nation.  There were now at Rome only rich and poor, nobles and proletariat.  With intelligence and ability a plebeian could aspire