47.  They talk slowly, very explosively, and arrogantly.  Our manner of writing astonishes these people, as well as our way of living, which they think better than their own.

48.  When they effect a cure by blood-letting, they scrape the skin until the blood comes, and with lighted wicks cauterize the wounds; they also give the patient certain potions about which they have learned by experience.

49.  They always drink hot water.  They heat this on the fire, and water their wine, which they drink hot.  They pretend to a knowledge of chiromancy, but know nothing about it.

50.  They are very superstitious in casting lots.  When they crossed the bar of this port, this superstition affected the flagship in which the fathers had embarked, and the captain had to have the lot taken by divination, and had the friars, whom he was carrying, changed to another ship.  However, the truth is that the change was made so that they would have more freedom to pursue their customary vices.

51.  They are very submissive to authority, and patiently suffer the punishments inflicted.  For a very slight offense an ear will be cut off, or a hundred lashes of the whip given.  The land is fertile.  The horses are small and the cows are like those of Berberia.  It is reported that farther inland are horses capable of bearing armed men.

52.  No sheep are found along the coast, but there are said to be some inland.  On my asking them what Castilian products were lacking in their country, they replied, “None whatever, unless it be velvet;” and they say that they do not have this, because they do not know how to make it, but that if they could see that manufacture, they would learn it.

53.  They say that inland there are vines from which they make wine, and olives.  At the rear, this kingdom joins Tartaria; and a great many years ago, they do not know how many, the natives established the king of Tartaria in Taybiu, and he and his descendants ruled it for one hundred and seventy years, until, after four generations, they were expelled.  Now one of the descendants of the native kings of Taybiu reigns, and wages constant war with the Tartars, of whom they say they are not afraid.  They can reckon time only by the years of their king, and therefore lose count easily; for, as soon as one king dies, no further mention is made of him, and they reckon time by the first or second year of the reign of the new king, and no other memory of the preceding king endures.  In another manner they reckon the months by moons, and have eleven months to the year.  It is quite usual for that land to change masters; but it has always had a king, either of their own nation or a foreigner.  They count as their New Year’s the first of February.

54.  The king and the chief priest dress in yellow, as a mark of distinction, no one else being allowed to use this color.