[31] Apparently a sort of “dug-out,” used mainly as a lighter, for unloading larger vessels.

[32] Pulo (incorrectly made polo in the text) is a term used throughout the Malayan archipelago referring to a small island or islet; this name means, then, “the small island Celemin.”

[33] The habit of chewing buyo is common through the Malaysian archipelago.  It is prepared by wrapping a leaf of the betel (Piper betel) around a piece of the bonga-nut (the product of a palm, Areca catechu) and a small piece of lime.  It is thought to stimulate the nerves, especially in the digestion of food; and is a notable feature on ceremonious and social occasions.

[34] Fine East Indian muslin.

[35] Probably referring to the island now known as Boeton or Butung, lying southeast of Celebes.

[36] Evidently the old port in Mindanao so called.

[37] Probably referring to the island now known as Boeton or Buntung, lying S.E. of Celebes.

[38] Reference is here made to the starchy food procured from the sago-palm, called by the natives buri (Corypha umbraculifera).  This tree gives name to the island of Burias, where it grows abundantly.  By tapping the tree, as is done with the American maple, the sweet sap (called by the natives tuba or “water-honey”) is obtained, from which are made a syrup and a dark sugar; also the natives manufacture from it wine and brandy.  The young shoots or buds are edible, as is the entire inner part or pith of the tree.  This pith is placed in troughs, wherein it is soaked in water, which washes out certain bitter substances; it is then pounded, which causes the starchy grains to separate from the tissues of the pith.  These grains are collected and dried, and made into a flour called sago (or sagu), which furnishes a nutritious and healthful food; in the islands where this tree abounds, the sago takes the place of rice.  The leaves of the sago-palm are used as a covering for houses, sails for vessels, and many other purposes.  See Delgado’s Hist. de Filipinas (Manila, 1892—­but written in 1753-54), pp. 660-662, for a long and detailed description of this tree and its uses; also Blanco’s Flora de Filipinas, p. 160, and U.S.  Philippine Gazetteer, p. 74.

[39] The lagoon of Liguasan, the waters of which are discharged into those of the Pulangui River at its “great bend,” thus forming the Rio Grande.  The Pulangui rises in the northern part of the island, about half-way between the present towns of Cagayan and Butuan.  The Tirurey or Ytilurey River of our text apparently indicates a southern tributary of the Rio Grande, flowing from Mt.  Tiruray.

[40] A tribe inhabiting the western part of Mindanao, but mainly located on other islands—­Basilan, Sulu, Piragua, and others; they were Mahometan Malays.

[41] The ganta contains 3 litros, a little more than 1/3 of a peck (U.S.).