[Footnote 113:  In defining the type to which a language belongs one must be careful not to be misled by structural features which are mere survivals of an older stage, which have no productive life and do not enter into the unconscious patterning of the language.  All languages are littered with such petrified bodies.  The English _-ster_ of spinster and Webster is an old agentive suffix, but, as far as the feeling of the present English-speaking generation is concerned, it cannot be said to really exist at all; spinster and Webster have been completely disconnected from the etymological group of spin and of weave (web).  Similarly, there are hosts of related words in Chinese which differ in the initial consonant, the vowel, the tone, or in the presence or absence of a final consonant.  Even where the Chinaman feels the etymological relationship, as in certain cases he can hardly help doing, he can assign no particular function to the phonetic variation as such.  Hence it forms no live feature of the language-mechanism and must be ignored in defining the general form of the language.  The caution is all the more necessary, as it is precisely the foreigner, who approaches a new language with a certain prying inquisitiveness, that is most apt to see life in vestigial features which the native is either completely unaware of or feels merely as dead form.]

Note.—­Parentheses indicate a weak development of the process in question.

+----------------+---+----+---+--------------+---------

-+--------------+
|Fundamental Type"II |III |IV |Technique     “Synthesis “Examples      |
+----------------+---+----+---+--------------+----------+---

-----------+
|       A        "   |    |   |              "          "              |
|(Simple Pure-   “-- |--  |a  |Isolating     “Analytic  “Chinese;      |
| relational)    "   |    |   |              "          “Annamite      |
|                "   |    |   |              "          "              |
|                “(d)|--  |a,b|Isolating     “Analytic  “Ewe           |
|                "   |    |   |(weakly       "          “(Guinea Coast)|
|                "   |    |   |agglutinative)”          "              |
|                "   |    |   |              "          "              |
|                “(b)|--  |a, |Agglutinative “Analytic  “Modern Tibetan|
|                "   |    |b,c|(mildly       "          "              |
|                "   |    |   |agglutinative-”          "              |
|                "   |    |   |fusional)     "          "              |
|                "   |    |   |              "          "              |
|       B        "   |    |   |              "          "              |
|(Complex Pure-  “b, |--  |a  |Agglutinative-"Analytic  “Polynesian    |
| relational)    “(d)|    |   |isolating     "          "              |
|                "   |    |   |              "          "              |
|                “b  |--  |a, |Agglutinative-"Polysyn-  “Haida         |