plural form bilad;[38] gild “hide” forms the plural gulud; ragil “man,” the plural rigal; shibbak “window,” the plural shababik.  Very similar phenomena are illustrated by the Hamitic languages of Northern Africa, e.g., Shilh[39] izbil “hair,” plural izbel; a-slem “fish,” plural i-slim-en; sn “to know,” sen “to be knowing”; rmi “to become tired,” rumni “to be tired”; ttss[40] “to fall asleep,” ttoss “to sleep.”  Strikingly similar to English and Greek alternations of the type sing—­sang and leip-o “I leave,” leloip-a “I have left,” are such Somali[41] cases as al “I am,” il “I was”; i-dah-a “I say,” i-di “I said,” deh “say!”

[Footnote 37:  Egyptian dialect.]

[Footnote 38:  There are changes of accent and vocalic quantity in these forms as well, but the requirements of simplicity force us to neglect them.]

[Footnote 39:  A Berber language of Morocco.]

[Footnote 40:  Some of the Berber languages allow consonantal combinations that seem unpronounceable to us.]

[Footnote 41:  One of the Hamitic languages of eastern Africa.]

Vocalic change is of great significance also in a number of American Indian languages.  In the Athabaskan group many verbs change the quality or quantity of the vowel of the radical element as it changes its tense or mode.  The Navaho verb for “I put (grain) into a receptacle” is bi-hi-sh-ja, in which _-ja_ is the radical element; the past tense, bi-hi-ja’, has a long a-vowel, followed by the “glottal stop"[42]; the future is bi-h-de-sh-ji with complete change of vowel.  In other types of Navaho verbs the vocalic changes follow different lines, e.g., yah-a-ni-ye “you carry (a pack) into (a stable)”; past, yah-i-ni-yin (with long i in _-yin_; _-n_ is here used to indicate nasalization); future, yah-a-di-yehl (with long e).  In another Indian language, Yokuts[43], vocalic modifications affect both noun and verb forms.  Thus, buchong “son” forms the plural bochang-i (contrast the objective buchong-a); enash “grandfather,” the plural inash-a; the verb engtyim “to sleep” forms the continuative ingetym-ad “to be sleeping” and the past ingetym-ash.

[Footnote 42:  See page 49.]

[Transcriber’s note:  Footnote 42 refers to the paragraph beginning on line 1534.]

[Footnote 43:  Spoken in the south-central part of California.]