have already noticed the enthusiasm of one accomplished French critic for “historic origins.”  Another eminent French critic, M. Vitet,[73] comments upon that famous document of the early poetry of his nation, the Chanson de Roland.[74] It is indeed a most interesting document.  The joculator or jongleur Taillefer, who was with William the Conqueror’s army at Hastings, marched before the Norman troops, so said the tradition, singing “of Charlemagne and of Roland and of Oliver, and of the vassals who died at Roncevaux”; and it is suggested that in the Chanson de Roland by one Turoldus or Theroulde, a poem preserved in a manuscript of the twelfth century in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, we have certainly the matter, perhaps even some of the words, of the chant which Taillefer sang.  The poem has vigor and freshness; it is not without pathos.  But M. Vitet is not satisfied with seeing in it a document of some poetic value, and of very high historic and linguistic value; he sees in it a grand and beautiful work, a monument of epic genius.  In its general design he finds the grandiose conception, in its details he finds the constant union of simplicity with greatness, which are the marks, he truly says, of the genuine epic, and distinguish it from the artificial epic of literary ages.  One thinks of Homer; this is the sort of praise which is given to Homer, and justly given.  Higher praise there cannot well be, and it is the praise due to epic poetry of the highest order only, and to no other.  Let us try, then, the Chanson de Roland at its best.  Roland, mortally wounded, lays himself down under a pine-tree, with his face turned towards Spain and the enemy—­

  “De plusurs choses a remembrer li prist,
  De tantes teres cume li bers cunquist,
  De dulce France, des humes de sun lign,
  De Carlemagne sun seignor ki l’nurrit."[75]

That is primitive work, I repeat, with an undeniable poetic quality of its own.  It deserves such praise, and such praise is sufficient for it.  But now turn to Homer—­

  [Greek: 
  Os phato tous d aedae katecheu phusizoos aia
  en Lakedaimoni authi, philm en patridi gaim][76]

We are here in another world, another order of poetry altogether; here is rightly due such supreme praise as that which M. Vitet gives to the Chanson de Roland.  If our words are to have any meaning, if our judgments are to have any solidity, we must not heap that supreme praise upon poetry of an order immeasurably inferior.

Indeed there can be no more useful help for discovering what poetry belongs to the class of the truly excellent, and can therefore do us most good, than to have always in one’s mind lines and expressions of the great masters, and to apply them as a touchstone to other poetry.  Of course we are not to require this other poetry to resemble them; it may be very dissimilar.  But if we have any tact we shall find them, when we