[422] The Deontology, or The Science of Morality, was arranged and edited by John Bowring, in 1834, two years after Bentham’s death, and it is doubtful how far it represents Bentham’s thoughts.

[423] Henry Thomas Buckle (1821-62) was the author of the History of Civilization in England, a book which, though full of inaccuracies, has had a great influence on the theory and method of historical writing.

[424] Mr. Mill.  See Marcus Aurelius, Selections, Note 2, p. 145. [Transcriber’s note:  This is Footnote 183 in this e-text.]

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[425] The article from which Arnold quotes these extracts is not Frederic Harrison’s Culture:  A Dialogue, but an earlier essay in the Fortnightly Review for March 1, 1867, called Our Venetian Constitution, See pages 276-77 of the article.

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[426] Peter Abelard (1079-1142) was a scholastic philosopher and a leader in the more liberal thought of his day.

[427] Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-81), German critic and dramatist.  His best-known writings are the epoch-making critical work, Laokooen (1766), and the drama Minna van Barnhelm (1767).  His ideas were in the highest degree stimulating and fruitful to the German writers who followed him.

[428] Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803), a voluminous and influential German writer, was a pioneer of the Romantic Movement.  He championed adherence to the national type in literature, and helped to found the historical method in literature and science.

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[429] Confessions of St. Augustine, XIII, 18, 22, Everyman’s Library ed., p. 326.

HEBRAISM AND HELLENISM

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[430] The present selection comprises chapter IV, of Culture and Anarchy.  In the preceding chapter Arnold has been pointing out the imperfection of the various classes of English society, which he describes as “Barbarians, Philistines, and Populace.”  For the correction of this imperfection he pleads for “some public recognition and establishment of our best self, or right reason.”  In chapter III, he has shown how “our habits and practice oppose themselves to such a recognition.”  He now proposes to find, “beneath our actual habits and practice, the very ground and cause out of which they spring.”  Then follows the selection here given.

Professor Gates has pointed out the fact that Arnold probably borrows the terms here contrasted from Heine.  In Ueber Ludwig Boerne (Werke, ed.  Stuttgart, X, 12), Heine says:  “All men are either Jews or Hellenes, men ascetic in their instincts, hostile to culture, spiritual fanatics, or men of vigorous good cheer, full of the pride of life, Naturalists.”  For Heine’s own relation to Hebraism and Hellenism, see the present selection, p. 275.