[202] Meditations, III, 14.

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203. Antoninus Pius.  Roman Emperor, A.D. 138-161, and foster-father of M. Aurelius.

[204] To become current in men’s speech.

[205] The real name of Voltaire was Francois Marie Arouet.  The name Voltaire was assumed in 1718 and is supposed to be an anagram of Arouet le j(eune).

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[206] See Function of Criticism, Selections, p. 36.[Transcriber’s note:  This approximates to the section following the text reference for Footnote 36 in this e-text.]

[207] Louis IX of France (1215-70), the leader of the crusade of 1248.

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[208] The Saturday Review, begun in 1855, was pronouncedly conservative in politics.  It devoted much space to pure criticism and scholarship, and Arnold’s essays are frequently criticized in its columns.

[209] He died on the 17th of March, A.D. 180.[Arnold.]

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[210] Juvenal’s sixth satire is a scathing arraignment of the vices and follies of the women of Rome during the reign of Domitian.

[211] See Juvenal, Sat. 3, 76.

[212] Because he lacks an inspired poet (to sing his praises).  Horace, Odes, IV, 9, 28.

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[213] Avidius Cassius, a distinguished general, declared himself Emperor in Syria in 176 A.D.  Aurelius proceeded against him, deploring the necessity of taking up arms against a trusted officer.  Cassius was slain by his own officers while M. Aurelius was still in Illyria.

[214] Commodus.  Emperor of Rome, 180-192 A.D.  He was dissolute and tyrannical.

[215] Attalus, a Roman citizen, was put to death with other Christians in A.D. 177.

[216] Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, and one of the Apostolic Fathers, suffered martyrdom in 155 A.D.

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[217] Tacitus, Ab Excessu Augusti, XV, 44.

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[218] Claude Fleury (1640-1723), French ecclesiastical historian, author of the Histoire Ecclesiastique, 20 vols., 1691.

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[219] Med., I, 12.

[220] Ibid., I, 14.

[221] Ibid., IV, 24.

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[222] Ibid., III, 4.

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[223] Ibid., V, 6.

[224] Ibid., IX, 42.