I have admitted, that, if the Constitution were to be considered as the creature of the State governments, it might be modified, interpreted, or construed according to their pleasure.  But, even in that case, it would be necessary that they should agree.  One alone could not interpret it conclusively; one alone could not construe it; one alone could not modify it.  Yet the gentleman’s doctrine is, that Carolina alone may construe and interpret that compact which equally binds all, and gives equal rights to all.

So, then, Sir, even supposing the Constitution to be a compact between the States, the gentleman’s doctrine, nevertheless, is not maintainable; because, first, the general government is not a party to that compact, but a government established by it, and vested by it with the powers of trying and deciding doubtful questions; and secondly, because, if the Constitution be regarded as a compact, not one State only, but all the States, are parties to that compact, and one can have no right to fix upon it her own peculiar construction.

So much, Sir, for the argument, even if the premises of the gentleman were granted, or could be proved.  But, Sir, the gentleman has failed to maintain his leading proposition.  He has not shown, it cannot be shown, that the Constitution is a compact between State governments.  The Constitution itself, in its very front, refutes that idea; it declares that it is ordained and established by the people of the United States.  So far from saying that it is established by the governments of the several States, it does not even say that it is established by the people of the several States; but it pronounces that it is established by the people of the United States, in the aggregate.  The gentleman says, it must mean no more than the people of the several States.  Doubtless, the people of the several States, taken collectively, constitute the people of the United States; but it is in this, their collective capacity, it is as all the people of the United States, that they establish the Constitution.  So they declare; and words cannot be plainer than the words used.

When the gentleman says the Constitution is a compact between the States, he uses language exactly applicable to the old Confederation.  He speaks as if he were in Congress before 1789.  He describes fully that old state of things then existing.  The Confederation was, in strictness, a compact; the States, as States, were parties to it.  We had no other general government.  But that was found insufficient, and inadequate to the public exigencies.  The people were not satisfied with it, and undertook to establish a better.  They undertook to form a general government, which should stand on a new basis; not a confederacy, not a league, not a compact between States, but a Constitution; a popular government, founded in popular election, directly responsible to the people themselves, and divided into branches with prescribed limits of power,