distinction applicable and applied to those who denied the liberal doctrines of internal improvement, originated, according to the best of my recollection, somewhere between North Carolina and Georgia.  Well, Sir, these mischievous Radicals were to be put down, and the strong arm of South Carolina was stretched out to put them down.  About this time I returned to Congress.  The battle with the Radicals had been fought, and our South Carolina champions of the doctrines of internal improvement had nobly maintained their ground, and were understood to have achieved a victory.  We looked upon them as conquerors.  They had driven back the enemy with discomfiture, a thing, by the way, Sir, which is not always performed when it is promised.  A gentleman to whom I have already referred in this debate had come into Congress, during my absence from it, from South Carolina, and had brought with him a high reputation for ability.  He came from a school with which we had been acquainted, et noscitur a sociis.  I hold in my hand, Sir, a printed speech of this distinguished gentleman,[4] “ON INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS,” delivered about the period to which I now refer, and printed with a few introductory remarks upon consolidation; in which, Sir, I think he quite consolidated the arguments of his opponents, the Radicals, if to crush be to consolidate.  I give you a short but significant quotation from these remarks.  He is speaking of a pamphlet, then recently published, entitled “Consolidation”; and, having alluded to the question of renewing the charter of the former Bank of the United States, he says:—­

“Moreover, in the early history of parties, and when Mr. Crawford advocated a renewal of the old charter, it was considered a Federal measure; which internal improvement never was, as this author erroneously states.  This latter measure originated in the administration of Mr. Jefferson, with the appropriation for the Cumberland Road; and was first proposed, as a system, by Mr. Calhoun, and carried through the House of Representatives by a large majority of the Republicans, including almost every one of the leading men who carried us through the late war.”

So, then, internal improvement is not one of the Federal heresies.  One paragraph more, Sir:—­

“The author in question, not content with denouncing as Federalists, General Jackson, Mr. Adams, Mr. Calhoun, and the majority of the South Carolina delegation in Congress, modestly extends the denunciation to Mr. Monroe and the whole Republican party.  Here are his words:  ’During the administration of Mr. Monroe much has passed which the Republican party would be glad to approve if they could!!  But the principal feature, and that which has chiefly elicited these observations, is the renewal of the SYSTEM OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.’  Now this measure was adopted by a vote of 115 to 86 of a Republican Congress, and sanctioned by a Republican President.