rights, public protection, and civil freedom.  England transplanted liberty to America; Spain transplanted power.  England, through the agency of private companies and the efforts of individuals, colonized this part of North America by industrious individuals, making their own way in the wilderness, defending themselves against the savages, recognizing their right to the soil, and with a general honest purpose of introducing knowledge as well as Christianity among them.  Spain stooped on South America, like a vulture on its prey.  Every thing was force.  Territories were acquired by fire and sword.  Cities were destroyed by fire and sword.  Hundreds of thousands of human beings fell by fire and sword.  Even conversion to Christianity was attempted by fire and sword.

Behold, then, fellow-citizens, the difference resulting from the operation of the two principles!  Here, to-day, on the summit of Bunker Hill, and at the foot of this monument, behold the difference!  I would that the fifty thousand voices present could proclaim it with a shout which should be heard over the globe.  Our inheritance was of liberty, secured and regulated by law, and enlightened by religion and knowledge; that of South America was of power, stern, unrelenting, tyrannical, military power.  And now look to the consequences of the two principles on the general and aggregate happiness of the human race.  Behold the results, in all the regions conquered by Cortez and Pizarro, and the contrasted results here.  I suppose the territory of the United States may amount to one eighth, or one tenth, of that colonized by Spain on this continent; and yet in all that vast region there are but between one and two millions of people of European color and European blood, while in the United States there are fourteen millions who rejoice in their descent from the people of the more northern part of Europe.

But we may follow the difference in the original principle of colonization, and in its character and objects, still further.  We must look to moral and intellectual results; we must consider consequences, not only as they show themselves in hastening or retarding the increase of population and the supply of physical wants, but in their civilization, improvement, and happiness.  We must inquire what progress has been made in the true science of liberty, in the knowledge of the great principles of self-government, and in the progress of man, as a social, moral, and religious being.

I would not willingly say any thing on this occasion discourteous to the new governments founded on the demolition of the power of the Spanish monarchy.  They are yet on their trial, and I hope for a favorable result.  But truth, sacred truth, and fidelity to the cause of civil liberty, compel me to say, that hitherto they have discovered quite too much of the spirit of that monarchy from which they separated themselves.  Quite too frequent resort is made to military force; and quite too much of the substance