[Footnote 518:  Official Records, vol. xiii, 531-532.]

[Footnote 519:—­Ibid., 182.]

[Footnote 520:—­Ibid., 552.]

[Footnote 521:—­Ibid., 623, 648.]

[Footnote 522:  Confederate Military History, vol. x, 129.]

[Footnote 523:  Official Records, vol. xiii, 42.]

vigor and order was shortly restored both north and south of the Arkansas.  Guerrilla warfare was summarily suppressed, marauding stopped, and the perpetrators of atrocities so deservedly punished that all who would have imitated them lost their taste for such fiendish sport.  As far north as the Moravian Mission, the Confederates were undeniably in possession; but, at that juncture, Holmes called Hindman to other scenes.  A sort of apathy then settled like a cloud upon the Cherokee Nation[524].  Almost lifeless, it awaited the next invader.

One part of the programme, arranged for at the time of the re-districting of the Trans-Mississippi Department, had called for a scheme to reenter southwest Missouri.  Hindman was to lead but Rains, Shelby, Cooper, and others were to constitute a sort of outpost and were to make a dash, first of all, to recover the lead mines at Granby.  The Indians of both armies were drawn thitherward, the one group to help make the advance, the other to resist it.  At Newtonia on September 30 the first collision of any moment came and it came and it ended with victory for the Confederates[525].  Cooper’s Choctaws and Chickasaws fought valiantly but so also did Phillips’s Cherokees.  They lost heavily in horses[526], their own poorly shod ponies; but they themselves stood fire well.  To rally them after defeat proved, however, a difficult matter.  Their

[Footnote 524:  Report of M.W.  Buster to Cooper, September 19, 1862, Official Records, vol. xiii, 273-277.]

[Footnote 525:  For detailed accounts of the Battle of Newtonia, see Ibid., 296-307; Edwards, Shelby and his Men, 83-89; Britton, Civil War on the Border, vol. i, 355-363; Anderson, Life of General Stand Watie, 20; Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties, 54; Confederate Military History, vol. x, 132.]

[Footnote 526:  Evan Jones to Dole, January 8, 1864, Indian Office General Files, Cherokee, 1859-1865, J 401.]

disciplining had yet left much to be desired.[527] Scalping[528] of the dead took place as on the battle-field of Pea Ridge; but, in other respects, the Indians of both armies acquitted themselves well and far better than might have been expected.

The participation of the Indians in the Battle of Newtonia was significant.  Federals and Confederates had alike resorted to it for purposes other than the red man’s own.  The Indian Expedition had now for a surety definitely abandoned the intention for which it was originally organized and outfitted.  As a matter of fact, it had long since ceased to exist.  The military