682 :  Above, upwards :  nakareipa :  -. 683 :  Below, downwards :  malupa (29) :  -. 684 :  Below, (a very long way) :  kara malupa :  -. 685 :  Inside :  muye :  -. 686 :  Thus, in this manner :  keda :  keda. 687 :  A long way off :  kapi taig :  -. 688 :  Near, close to :  logi :  -. 689 :  Again :  laka :  -. 690 :  Completely, into pieces, etc. :  palge :  -. 691 :  Well, much, etc. :  purke :  -. 692 :  Where? :  anaga :  -. 693 :  Why? :  mipa :  -. 694 :  How, in what manner? :  mida :  -. 695 :  Yes :  wa, ua :  ia. 696 :  No :  long-a, giure :  untamo. 697 :  Don’t :  wan-nur,* maige (804) :  -.

(Footnote.  I suspect, from the termination, that this is the present tense of the imperative mood of some verb = to do, to perform, etc.)

698 :  Stop! enough! :  china :  -. 699 :  Exclamation of surprise :  ka! ka! ka! :  -. 700 :  Exclamation to arrest attention :  qualli! qualli! (= I say!) :  -. 701 :  Exclamation of pity :  igur (= poor thing!) :  -. 702 :  And* :  ia.

(Footnote.  Example:  uleip’ Aburdia, Salallaia, Wagelia, Mania = Aburde and Salalle and Wagel and Manu are approaching.)

10.  VERBS.*

(Footnote.  After tabulating 100 Kowrarega verbs in all the different forms in which they had occurred to me, I yet failed in arriving at a knowledge of their mode of formation, owing to the deficiency of data on one hand, and the presence of some apparently defective and irregular verbs on the other.  Still some of the results are worth recording.  Leaving out the consideration of the irregular verbs, I can speak with certainty of only two Moods, the Indicative and the Subjunctive, of the Present and the Past (probably really further divisible) Tenses of the former, and the Present of the latter.  As an example I may give the verb to strike, of which the root is assumed to be matum = a stroke.

Indicative Present :  nudu ngatu :  matumeipa = I am striking him.  Indicative Perfect :  nudu ngatu :  matnmina = I struck him.  Indicative Future :  nudu ngatu :  matumeipakai = I shall strike him.  Imperative Present :  nudu ngidu :  matumur = strike him.

Assuming a root to each, I find 94 of the verbs under examination to agree in having the present tense of the indicative terminating in pa:  of these 70 end in aipa, 14 in ipa, 6 in epa, and 1 in aipa.

The perfect tense (setting aside some inexplicable irregularities) exhibits a great variety of terminations for the formation of which no rule can yet be given:  these are an, ana, ani; in, ina, ima:  em, ema; eima, eiun; and un.

The future tense alone is perfectly regular; it is simply formed by adding kai to the present.

The present tense of the imperative mood in those verbs having the present of the indicative ending in ipa terminates (with one exception in i) in ir:  in the others the terminations of this tense are ur (the most frequent); ar (the next in order of frequency), ara, ari; ada, eada; e, eio, eir, erur; and o.