and the Great Lakes of America.  But a thousand problems of home administration were crowded upon him, problems of finance, of industry, of ecclesiastical adjustment, and of social reconstruction.  In the first few years of his term as minister he could still find a little time and thought for Canada, and during this short period he personally conducted the correspondence with the colonial officials; but after 1669 all this was turned over to the Minister of Marine, and Colbert himself figured directly in the affairs of the colony no more.  The great minister of Louis XIV is remembered far more for his work at home than for his services to New France.

As for the French monarchs of the seventeenth century, Louis XIV was the first and only one to take an active and enduring interest in the great crusade to the northern wilderness.  He began his personal reign about 1660 with a genuine display of zeal for the establishment of a colony which would by its rapid growth and prosperity soon crowd the English off the new continent.  In the selection of officials to carry out his policy, his judgment, when not subjected to sinister pressure, was excellent, as shown in his choice of Frontenac.  Nor did the King’s interest in the colony slacken in the face of discouragement.  It kept on to the end of his reign, although diminishing somewhat towards the close.  It could not well do otherwise than weaken during the European disasters which marked his later years.  By the death of Louis XIV in 1715 the colony lost its most unwavering friend.  The shrewdest of French historians, De Tocqueville, has somewhere remarked that “the physiognomy of a government may be best judged in the colonies....  When I wish to study the spirit and faults of the administration of Louis XIV,” he writes, “I must go to Canada, for its deformity is there seen as through a microscope.”  That is entirely true.  The history of New France in its picturesque alternation of sunshine and shadow, of victory and defeat, of pageant and tragedy, is a chronicle that is Gallic to the core.  In the early annals of the northland one can find silhouetted in sharp relief examples of all that was best and all that was worst in the life of Old France.  The political framework of the colony, with its strict centralization, the paternal regulation of industry and commerce, the flood of missionary zeal which poured in upon it, the heroism and courage of its priests and voyageurs, the venality of its administrative officials, the anachronism of a feudal land-tenure, the bizarre externals of its social life, the versatility of its people—­all these reflected the paternity of New France.