[Footnote 1:  Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. iv., 58.]

At any rate it was in no pleasant humor that Roberval now proceeded to the St. Lawrence and up to Cap Rouge, where he took possession of Carrier’s post, sowed some grain and vegetables, and endeavored to prepare for the winter.  His company of followers, having been recruited from the jails of France, proved as unruly as might have been expected.  Discipline and order could only be maintained by the exercise of great severity.  One of the malefactors was executed; others were given the lash in generous measure.  The winter, moreover, proved to be terribly cold; supplies ran low, and the scurvy once again got beyond control.  If anything, the conditions were even worse than those which Cartier had to endure seven years before.  When spring arrived the survivors had no thought of anything but a prompt return to France.  But Roberval bade most of them wait until with a small party he ventured a trip to the territory near what is now Three Rivers and the mouth of the St. Maurice.  Apparently the whole party made its way safely back to France before the autumn, but as to how or when we have no record.  There is some evidence that Cartier was sent out with a relief expedition in 1543, but in any case, both he and Roberval were in France during the spring of the next year, for they then appeared there in court to settle respective accounts of expenses incurred in the badly managed enterprise.

Of Carrier’s later life little is known save that he lived at St. Malo until he died in 1557.  With the exception of his journals, which cover only a part of his explorations, none of his writings or maps has come down to us.  That he prepared maps is highly probable, for he was an explorer in the royal service.  But diligent search on the part of antiquarians has not brought them to light.  His portrait in the town hall at St. Malo shows us a man of firm and strong features with jaws tight-set, a high forehead, and penetrating eyes.  Unhappily it is of relatively recent workmanship and as a likeness of the great Malouin its trustworthiness is at least questionable.  Fearless and untiring, however, his own indisputable achievements amply prove him to have been.  The tasks set before him were difficult to perform; he was often in tight places and he came through unscathed.  As a navigator he possessed a skill that ranked with the best of his time.  His was an intrepid sailor-soul.  If his voyages resulted in no permanent establishment, that was not altogether Cartier’s fault.  He was sent out on his first two voyages as an explorer, to find new trade routes, or stores of gold and silver or a rich land to exploit.  On his third voyage, when a scheme of colonization was in hand, the failure of Roberval to do his part proved the undoing of the entire plan.  There is no reason to believe that faint-heartedness or lack of courage had any place in Carrier’s sturdy frame.