which cannot be within their reach in their newly adopted country for many years to come, and perhaps not within the period of their lives.  Unavailing wishes that they were back to their own country have been expressed by many, who looked with dread on the hardships they had to encounter at their first settlement.  The labour required to clear a forest of gigantic trees is appaling to a man who has nothing to depend on but the physical strength of his own body; and if its powers have been impaired by low living, arising from a want of employment previous to the period of his emigration, and if he have a wife and large family depending on him for support, that labour must be exercised at the outset to a painful degree.  All the shelter he can expect in the first winter of his sojourn is in a house of trees piled together, and his wooden furniture must consist of the rudest construction, blocked out of the timber which he himself has cut down.  Though the air is clear and bracing, the intensity of the cold in winter is far beyond what he can conceive, and the heat in summer is so great for a short period as to blister the skin, if left exposed to the influence of the sun’s rays.  The diversity of temperature in the seasons causes an additional expense in the provision of clothes for the winter.  Musquitoes swarm on every new settlement, and annoy every one by their stinging and raising inflamed spots over the body.  Rubbing strong vinegar over the parts is said to alleviate the pain.  Fires of wet chips, lighted at the doors of the cabins, will prevent the ingress of these troublesome insects.  When a clearance has been made the musquitoes are not so troublesome.  They dwell chiefly in the woods, and in the vicinity of swamps, and come out in hot weather.  A small, black fly annoys also very much, by settling among the hair in the morning and evening.  Sleep is completely driven away when they make an attack, and they produce the most uneasy sensation.

The state of the roads prevents a constant or rapid communication between places; and in a new country, where coin as the circulating medium is scarce, and barter exists as the medium of exchange, difficulties are often encountered in disposing of the surplus stock of agricultural produce.  The intrusion of wild animals is an evil which ought not to be overlooked as affecting a new settler.  If the cattle and sheep are not penned up at night, they may be partly destroyed by the ferocity of the bears.  Bears, however, are not numerous.  But squirrels and racoons, of which there are plenty, may destroy the corn crops materially, particularly in any season that is unfavourable to the formation of beech masts and nuts.  Mice and rats eat the seed of the Indian corn after it is in the ground, so that two or three successive sowings are sometimes necessary.