[Footnote 1:  Skulls, the transverse diameter of which is more than eight-tenths the long diameter, are short; those which have the transverse diameter less than eight-tenths the longitudinal, are long.]

LEIOTRICHI.                        ULOTRICHI.
______________________________     ____________________________
/                              \   /                            \
Dolichocephali.  Brachycephali.    Dolichocephali.  Brachycephali. 
Leucous.
....  Xanthochroi .... 
Leucomelanous.
....  Melanochroi .... 
Xanthomelanous.
Esquimaux.     Mongolians.   Bushmen.
Amphinesians.
Americans. 
Melanous.
Australians.                  Negroes.            Mincopies(?)
Negritos

NOTE:  The names of the stocks known only since the fifteenth century are put into italics.  If the “Skraelings” of the Norse discoverers of America were Esquimaux, Europeans became acquainted with the latter six or seven centuries earlier.

It is curious to observe that almost all the woolly-headed people are also long-headed; while among the straight-haired nations broad heads preponderate, and only two stocks, the Esquimaux and the Australians, are exclusively long-headed.

One of the acutest and most original of ethnologists, Desmoulins, originated the idea, which has subsequently been fully developed by Agassiz, that the distribution of the persistent modifications of man is governed by the same laws as that of other animals, and that both fall into the same great distributional provinces.  Thus, Australia; America, south of Mexico; the Arctic regions; Europe, Syria, Arabia, and North Africa, taken together, are each regions eminently characterized by the nature of their animal and vegetable populations, and each, as we have seen, has its peculiar and characteristic form of man.  But it may be doubted whether the parallel thus drawn will hold good strictly, and in all cases.  The Tasmanian Fauna and Flora are essentially Australian, and the like is true to a less extent of many, if not of all, the Papuan islands; but the Negritos who inhabit these islands are strikingly different from the Australians.  Again, the differences between the Mongolians and the Xanthochroi are out of all proportion greater than those between the Faunae and Florae of Central and Eastern Asia.  But whatever the difficulties in the way of the detailed application of this comparison of the distribution of men with that of animals, it is well worthy of being borne in mind, and carried as far as it will go.

Apart from all speculation, a very curious fact regarding the distribution of the persistent modifications of mankind becomes apparent on inspecting an Ethnological chart, projected in such a manner that the Pacific Ocean occupies its centre.  Such a chart exhibits an Australian area occupied by dark smooth-haired people, separated by an incomplete inner zone of dark woolly-haired Negritos and Negroes, from an outer zone of comparatively pale and smooth-haired men, occupying the Americas, and nearly all Asia and North Africa.