At other times, or rather in other machines, the water is distributed on the two sides of the cloth by means of two rapidly rotating brushes which flick the water from two rollers rotating in a tank of water at a fixed level.  In both cases, both sides of the fabric are “damped,” as it is termed, simultaneously.  The damped fabric is then allowed to lie for several hours to condition, that is, to enable the moisture to spread, and then it is taken to the calender.

[Illustration:  By permission of Messrs. Charles Parker, Sons & Co., Ltd.  FIG. 43 DAMPING MACHINE]

The calenders for jute almost invariably contain five different rollers, or “bowls,” as they are usually termed; one of these bowls, the smallest diameter one, is often heated with steam.  A five-bowl calender is shown on the extreme right in Fig. 41, and in the background, while a complete illustration of a modern 5-bowl calender, with full equipment, and made by Messrs. Urquhart, Lindsay & Co., Ltd., Dundee, appears in Fig. 44.

[Illustration:  By permission of Messrs. Urquhart, Lindsay & Co., Ltd.  FIG. 44 CALENDAR]

The cloth is placed on the floor between the two distinct parts of the calender, threaded amongst the tension rails near the bottom roller or bowl, and then passed over two or more of the bowls according to the type of finish desired.  For calender finish, the bowls flatten the cloth by pressing out the threads and picks, so that all the interstices which appear in most cloths as they leave the loom, and which are exaggerated in the plan view in Fig. 34, are eliminated by this calendering action.  The cloth is then delivered at the far side of the machine in Fig. 44.  If necessary, the surface speed of the middle or steam-heated roller may differ from the others so that a glazed effect—­somewhat resembling that obtained by ordinary ironing—­is imparted to the surface of the fabric.  The faster moving roller is the steam-heated one.  For ordinary calender finish, the surface speed of all the rollers is the same.

Another “finish” obtained on the calender is known as “chest finish” or “round-thread finish.”  In this case, the whole length of cloth is wound either on to the top roller, or the second top one, Fig. 44, and while there is subjected to the degree of pressure required; the amount of pressure can be regulated by the number of weights and the way in which the tension belt is attached to its pulley.  The two sets of weights are seen clearly on the left in Fig. 44, and these act on the long horizontal levers, usually to add pressure to the dead weight of the top roller, but occasionally, for very light finishes, to decrease the effective weight of the top bowl.  After the cloth has been chested on one or other of the two top bowls, it is stripped from the bowl on to a light roller shown clearly with its belt pulley in Fig. 41.

There are two belt pulleys shown on the machine in Fig. 44; one is driven by an open belt, and the other by a crossed belt.  Provision is thus made for driving the calender in both directions.  The pulleys are driven by two friction clutches, both of which are inoperative when the set-on handle is vertical as in the figure.  Either pulley may be rotated, however, by moving the handle to a oblique position.