[Illustration:  FIG. 21 A LINE OF SPINNING FRAMES]

The front part of the builder rail is provided with grooves into one of which the temper-band is placed so that the band itself is in contact with a groove near the base of the bobbin flange.  A varying amount of resistance or tension on the bobbin is required in virtue of the varying size of the partially-filled bobbin, and this is obtained by placing the temper-band successively in different groves in the builder so that it will embrace a gradually increasing arc of the spinning bobbin, and thus impart a heavier drag or tension.

The spinning frames in Fig. 20 are arranged with the ends of the frame parallel to the pass, whereas the end frames in Fig. 21 are at right angles to the pass, and hence an excellent view of the chief parts is presented.  The full rove bobbins are seen distinctly on the pegs of the creel in the upper part of the figure, and the rove yarns from these bobbins pass downwards, as already described, until they ultimately enter the eyes of the flyer arms to be directed to and wound upon the spinning bobbins.  The flyers—­at one time termed throstles—­are clearly visible a little above the row of temper weights.  The chief parts for raising the builder—­cam lever, adjustable rod, chain and wheel—­are illustrated at the end of the frame nearest the observer.

CHAPTER XI.  TWISTING AND REELING

In regard to cloth manufacture, most yarns are utilized in the form they leave the spinning frame, that is, as single yarns.  On the other hand, for certain branches of the trade, weaving included, it is necessary to take two, three, or more of these single yarns and to combine them by a process technically termed twisting, and sometimes “doubling” when two single yarns only are combined.

Although the commonest method, so far as weaving requirements go, is to twist two single yarns together to make a compound yarn, it is not uncommon to combine a much higher number, indeed, sixteen or more single yarns are often united for special purposes, but, when this number is exceeded, the operation comes under the heading of twines, ropes and the like.  The twist or twine thus formed will have the number of yarns regulated by the levelness and strength required for the finished product.  The same operation is conducted in the making of strands for cordage, but when a number of these twines are laid-up or twisted together, the name cord or rope is used to distinguish them.[1]

[Footnote 1:  See Cordage and Cordage Hemp and Fibres, by T. Woodhouse and P. Kilgour.]

When two or three threads are united by twisting, the operation can be conducted in a twisting frame which differs little from a ordinary spinning frame, and hence need not be described.  There may be, however, appliances embodying some system of automatic stop motion to bring the individual spindles to rest if one thread out of any group which are being combined happens to break.  When several threads have to be twisted together, special types of twisting frames are employed; these special machines are termed “tube twisters,” and the individual threads pass through holes suitably placed in a plate or disc before they reach the tube.