Philadelphia:  December 1838.

My Dear E——.  I return you Mr. ——­’s letter.  I do not think it answers any of the questions debated in our last conversation at all satisfactorily:  the right one man has to enslave another, he has not the hardihood to assert; but in the reasons he adduces to defend that act of injustice, the contradictory statements he makes appear to me to refute each other.  He says, that to the continental European protesting against the abstract iniquity of slavery, his answer would be, ’the slaves are infinitely better off than half the continental peasantry.’  To the Englishman, ‘they are happy compared with the miserable Irish.’  But supposing that this answered the question of original injustice, which it does not, it is not a true reply.  Though the negroes are fed, clothed, and housed, and though the Irish peasant is starved, naked, and roofless, the bare name of freeman—­the lordship over his own person, the power to choose and will—­are blessings beyond food, raiment, or shelter; possessing which, the want of every comfort of life is yet more tolerable than their fullest enjoyment without them.  Ask the thousands of ragged destitutes who yearly land upon these shores to seek the means of existence—­ask the friendless, penniless foreign emigrant, if he will give up his present misery, his future uncertainty, his doubtful and difficult struggle for life, at once, for the secure, and as it is called, fortunate dependance of the slave:  the indignation with which he would spurn the offer will prove that he possesses one good beyond all others, and that his birthright as a man is more precious to him yet than the mess of pottage for which he is told to exchange it because he is starving.

Of course the reverse alternative cannot be offered to the slaves, for at the very word the riches of those who own them would make themselves wings and flee away.  But I do not admit the comparison between your slaves and even the lowest class of European free labourers, for the former are allowed the exercise of no faculties but those which they enjoy in common with the brutes that perish.  The just comparison is between the slaves and the useful animals to whose level your laws reduce them; and I will acknowledge that the slaves of a kind owner may be as well cared for, and as happy, as the dogs and horses of a merciful master; but the latter condition—­i.e. that of happiness—­must again depend upon the complete perfection of their moral and mental degradation.  Mr. ——­, in his letter, maintains that they are an inferior race, and, compared with the whites, ’animals, incapable of mental culture and moral improvement:’  to this I can only reply, that if they are incapable of profiting by instruction, I do not see the necessity for laws inflicting heavy penalties on those who offer it to them.  If they really are brutish, witless, dull, and devoid of capacity for progress, where lies the danger which is constantly insisted upon