NOTE 1.—­[Baber writes (Travels, p. 171) when arriving to the Lan-tsang kiang (Mekong River):  “We were now on the border-line between Carajan and Zardandan:  ’When you have travelled five days you find a province called Zardandan,’ says Messer Marco, precisely the actual number of stages from Tali-fu to the present boundary of Yung-ch’ang.  That this river must have been the demarcation between the two provinces is obvious; one glance into that deep rift, the only exit from which is by painful worked artificial zigzags which, under the most favourable conditions, cannot be called safe, will satisfy the most sceptical geographer.  The exact statement of distance is a proof that Marco entered the territory of Yung-ch’ang.”  Captain Gill says (II. p. 343-344) that the five marches of Marco Polo “would be very long ones.  Our journey was eight days, but it might easily have been done in seven, as the first march to Hsia-Kuan was not worthy of the name.  The Grosvenor expedition made eleven marches with one day’s halt—­twelve days altogether, and Mr. Margary was nine or ten days on the journey.  It is true that, by camping out every night, the marches might be longer; and, as Polo refers to the crackling of the bamboos in the fires, it is highly probable that he found no ’fine hostelries’ on this route.  This is the way the traders still travel in Tibet; they march until they are tired, or until they find a nice grassy spot; they then off saddles, turn their animals loose, light a fire under some adjacent tree, and halt for the night; thus the longest possible distance can be performed every day, and the five days from Ta-li to Yung-Ch’ang would not be by any means an impossibility.”—­H.C.]

NOTE 2.—­Ramusio says that both men and women use this gold case.  There can be no better instance of the accuracy with which Polo is generally found to have represented Oriental names, when we recover his real representation of them, than this name Zardandan.  In the old Latin editions the name appeared as Ardandan, Ardadam, etc.; in Ramusio as Cardandan, correctly enough, only the first letter should have been printed C. Marsden, carrying out his systematic conversion of the Ramusian spelling, made this into Kardandan, and thus the name became irrecognizable.  Klaproth, I believe, first showed that the word was simply the Persian ZAR-DANDAN, “Gold-Teeth,” and produced quotations from Rashiduddin mentioning the people in question by that identical name.  Indeed that historian mentions them several times.  Thus:  “North-west of China is the frontier of Tibet, and of the ZARDANDAN, who lie between Tibet and Karajang.  These people cover their teeth with a gold case, which they take off when they eat.”  They are also frequently mentioned in the Chinese annals about this period under the same name, viz. Kin-Chi, “Gold-Teeth,” and some years after Polo’s departure from the East they originated a revolt against the Mongol yoke, in which a great number of the imperial troops were massacred. (De Mailla, IX. 478-479.)