“Concerning the spices of Arabia let no more be said.  The whole country is scented with them, and exhales an odour marvellously sweet.  There are also in Arabia two kinds of sheep worthy of admiration, the like of which is nowhere else to be seen; the one kind has long tails, not less than three cubits in length, which, if they were allowed to trail on the ground, would be bruised and fall into sores.  As it is, all the shepherds know enough of carpentering to make little trucks for their sheep’s tails.  The trucks are placed under the tails, each sheep having one to himself, and the tails are then tied down upon them.  The other kind has a broad tail, which is a cubit across sometimes.”

Canon G. Rawlinson, in his edition of Herodotus, has the following note on this subject (II., p. 500):—­

“Sheep of this character have acquired among our writers the name of Cape Sheep, from the fact that they are the species chiefly affected by our settlers at the Cape of Good Hope.  They are common in Africa and throughout the East, being found not only in Arabia, but in Persia, Syria, Affghanistan, Egypt, Barbary, and even Asia Minor.  A recent traveller, writing from Smyrna, says:  ’The sheep of the country are the Cape sheep, having a kind of apron tail, entirely of rich marrowy fat, extending to the width of their hind quarters, and frequently trailing on the ground; the weight of the tail is often more than six or eight pounds’ (FELLOWS’S Asia Minor, p. 10).  Leo Africanus, writing in the 15th century, regards the broad tail as the great difference between the sheep of Africa and that of Europe.  He declares that one which he had seen in Egypt weighed 80 lbs.  He also mentions the use of trucks which is still common in North Africa.”

XVIII., p. 98.  “Camadi.—­Reobarles.—­In this plain there are a number of villages and towns which have lofty walls of mud, made as a defence against the banditti, who are very numerous, and are called CARAONAS.  This name is given them because they are the sons of Indian mothers by Tartar fathers.”

Mirza Haidar writes (Tarikh-i-Rashidi, p. 148):  “The learned Mirza Ulugh Beg has written a history which he has called Ulus Arbaa.  One of the ‘four hordes’ is that of the Moghul, who are divided into two branches, the Moghul and the Chaghatai.  But these two branches, on account of their mutual enmity, used to call each other by a special name, by way of depreciation.  Thus the Chaghatai called the Moghul Jatah, while the Moghul called the Chaghatai Karawanas.”

Cf.  Ney ELIAS, l.c., pp. 76-77, and App.  B, pp. 491-2, containing an inquiry made in Khorasan by Mr. Maula Bakhsh, Attache at the Meshed Consulate General, of the families of Karnas, he has heard or seen; he says:  “These people speak Turki now, and are considered part of the Goklan Turkomans.  They, however, say they are Chingiz-Khani Moghuls, and are no doubt the descendants of the same Karnas, or Karavanas, who took such a prominent part in the victories in Persia.