IV. Balsamodendron Mukul, growing in Sind, Kattiawar and the Deesa District, and producing the Indian Bdellium, Mukl of the Arabs and Persians, used as an incense and as a cordial medicine.  It is believed to be the [Greek:  Bdella] mentioned in the Periplus as exported from the Indus, and also as brought down with Costus through Ozene (Ujjain) to Barygaza (Baroch—­see Mueller’s Geog.  Graec.  Minor. I. 287, 293).  It is mentioned also (Mukl) by Albiruni as a special product of Kachh, and is probably the incense of that region alluded to by Hiuen Tsang. (See last chapter, note 3.) It is of a yellow, red, or brownish colour. (Eng.  Cyc. art. Bdellium; Dowson’s Elliot, I. 66; Reinaud in J.  As. ser.  IV. tom. iv. p. 263).

V. Canarium strictum (Roxb.), of the Western Ghats, affording the Black Dammar of Malabar, which when fresh is aromatic and yellow in colour.  It abounds in the country adjoining Tana.  The natives use it as incense, and call the tree Dhup (incense) and Gugul (Bdellum).

Besides these resinous substances, the Costus of the Ancients may be mentioned (Sansk. Kushth), being still exported from Western India, as well as from Calcutta, to China, under the name of Putchok, to be burnt as incense in Chinese temples.  Its identity has been ascertained in our own day by Drs. Royle and Falconer, as the root of a plant which they called Aucklandia Costus.  But the identity of the Pucho (which he gives as the Malay name) with Costus was known to Garcia.  Alex.  Hamilton, at the beginning of last century, calls it Ligna Dulcis (sic), and speaks of it as an export from Sind, as did the author of the Periplus 1600 years earlier.

My own impression is that Mukl or Bdellium was the brown incense of Polo, especially because we see from Albiruni that this was regarded as a staple export from neighbouring regions.  But Dr. Birdwood considers that the Black Dammar of Canarium strictum is in question. (Report on Indian Gum-Resins, by Mr. Dalzell of Bot.  Gard.  Bombay, 1866; Birdwood’s Bombay Products, 2nd ed. pp. 282, 287, etc.; Drury’s Useful Plants of India, 2nd ed.; Garcia; A. Hamilton, I. 127; Eng.  Cyc., art. Putchuk; Buchanan’s Journey, II. 44, 335, etc.)

CHAPTER XXVIII.

CONCERNING THE KINGDOM OF CAMBAET.

Cambaet is a great kingdom lying further west.  The people are Idolaters, and have a language of their own, and a king of their own, and are tributary to nobody.[NOTE 1]

The North Star is here still more clearly visible; and henceforward the further you go west the higher you see it.

There is a great deal of trade in this country.  It produces indigo in great abundance; and they also make much fine buckram.  There is also a quantity of cotton which is exported hence to many quarters; and there is a great trade in hides, which are very well dressed; with many other kinds of merchandize too tedious to mention.  Merchants come here with many ships and cargoes, but what they chiefly bring is gold, silver, copper [and tutia].