assigns to its true locality (infra. ch. xxxvii., xxxviii.).  Nor is Marsden justified in assuming that the brown incense of Tana must needs have been Benzoin imported from Sumatra, though I observe Dr. Birdwood considers that the term Indian Frankincense which occurs in Dioscorides must have included Benzoin.  Dioscorides describes the so-called Indian Frankincense as blackish; and Garcia supposes the name merely to refer to the colour, as he says the Arabs often gave the name of Indian to things of a dark colour.

There seems to be no proof that Benzoin was known even to the older Arab writers.  Western India supplies a variety of aromatic gum-resins, one of which was probably intended by our traveller: 

I. BOSWELLIA THURIFERA of Colebrooke, whose description led to a general belief that this tree produced the Frankincense of commerce.  The tree is found in Oudh and Rohilkhand, in Bahar, Central India, Khandesh, and Kattiawar, etc.  The gum-resin is used and sold locally as an incense, but is soft and sticky, and is not the olibanum of commerce; nor is it collected for exportation.

The Coromandel Boswellia glabra of Roxburgh is now included (see Dr. Birdwood’s Monograph) as a variety under the B. thurifera.  Its gum-resin is a good deal used as incense, in the Tamul regions, under the name of Kundrikam, with which is apparently connected Kundur, one of the Arabic words for olibanum (see ch. xxxviii., note 2).

II. Vateria Indica (Roxb.), producing a gum-resin which when recent is known as Piney Varnish, and when hardened, is sold for export under the names of Indian Copal, White Dammar, and others.  Its northern limit of growth is North but the gum is exported from Bombay.  The tree is the Chloroxylon Dupada of Buchanan, and is, I imagine, the Dupu or Incense Tree of Rheede. (Hort.  Malab. IV.) The tree is a fine one, and forms beautiful avenues in Malabar and Canara.  The Hindus use the resin as an incense, and in Malabar it is also made into candles which burn fragrantly and with little smoke.  It is, or was, also used as pitch, and is probably the thus with which Indian vessels, according to Joseph of Cranganore (in Novus Orbis), were payed.  Garcia took it for the ancient Cancamum, but this Dr. Birdwood identifies with the next, viz.:—­

III. Gardenia lucida (Roxb.).  It grows in the Konkan districts, producing a fragrant resin called Dikamali in India, and by the Arabs Kankham.