appear to be of Indian origin, both in name and practice.  I see that De Gubernatis, without noticing the Malay phrase, traces the term applied to the Malabar champions to the Sanskrit Amokhya, “indissoluble,” and Amukta, “not free, bound.” (Picc.  Encic.  Ind. I, 88.) The same practice, by which the followers of a defeated prince devote themselves in amuk (vulgo running a-muck),[4] is called in the island of Bali Bela, a term applied also to one kind of female Sati, probably from S. Bali, “a sacrifice.” (See Friedrich in Batavian Trans. XXIII.) In the first syllable of the Balanjar of Mas’udi we have probably the same word.  A similar institution is mentioned by Caesar among the Sotiates, a tribe of Aquitania.  The Feoilz of the chief were 600 in number and were called Soldurii; they shared all his good things in life, and were bound to share with him in death also.  Such also was a custom among the Spanish Iberians, and the name of these Amuki signified “sprinkled for sacrifice.”  Other generals, says Plutarch, might find a few such among their personal staff and dependents, but Sertorius was followed by many myriads who had thus devoted themselves.  Procopius relates of the White Huns that the richer among them used to entertain a circle of friends, some score or more, as perpetual guests and partners of their wealth.  But, when the chief died, the whole company were expected to go down alive into the tomb with him.  The King of the Russians, in the tenth century, according to Ibn Fozlan, was attended by 400 followers bound by like vows.  And according to some writers the same practice was common in Japan, where the friends and vassals who were under the vow committed hara kiri at the death of their patron.  The Likamankwas of the Abyssinian kings, who in battle wear the same dress with their master to mislead the enemy—­“Six Richmonds in the field”—­form apparently a kindred institution. (Bell.  Gall. iii. c. 22; Plutarch, in Vit.  Sertorii; Procop.  De B. Pers. I. 3:  Ibn Fozlan by Fraehn, p. 22; Sonnerat, I. 97.)

NOTE 6.—­However frequent may have been wars between adjoining states, the south of the peninsula appears to have been for ages free from foreign invasion until the Delhi expeditions, which occurred a few years later than our traveller’s visit; and there are many testimonies to the enormous accumulations of treasure.  Gold, according to the Masalak-al-Absar, had been flowing into India for 3000 years, and had never been exported.  Firishta speaks of the enormous spoils carried off by Malik Kafur, every soldier’s share amounting to 25 Lbs. of gold!  Some years later Mahomed Tughlak loads 200 elephants and several thousand bullocks with the precious spoil of a single temple.  We have quoted a like statement from Wassaf as to the wealth found in the treasury of this very Sundara Pandi Dewar, but the same author goes far beyond this when he tells that Kales Dewar, Raja of Ma’bar about 1309, had accumulated 1200 crores of gold, i.e. 12,000 millions of dinars, enough to girdle the earth with a four-fold belt of bezants! (N. and E. XIII. 218, 220-221, Brigg’s Firishta, I. 373-374; Hammer’s Ilkhans, II. 205.)