In after-days, when the name of Sumatra for the Great Island had established itself, the traditional term “Little Java” sought other applications.  Barbosa seems to apply it to Sumbawa; Pigafetta and Cavendish apply it to Bali, and in this way Raffles says it was still used in his own day.  Geographers were sometimes puzzled about it.  Magini says Java Minor is almost incognita.

(Turnour’s Epitome, p. 45; Van der Tuuk, Bladwijzer tot de drie Stukken van het Bataksche Leesboek, p. 43, etc.; Friedrich in Bat.  Transactions, XXVI.; Levchine, Les Kirghiz Kazaks, 300, 301.)

NOTE 2.—­As regards the treasure, Sumatra was long famous for its produce of gold.  The export is estimated in Crawford’s History at 35,530 ounces; but no doubt it was much more when the native states were in a condition of greater wealth and civilisation, as they undoubtedly were some centuries ago.  Valentyn says that in some years Achin had exported 80 bahars, equivalent to 32,000 or 36,000 Lbs. avoirdupois (!).  Of the other products named, lign-aloes or eagle-wood is a product of Sumatra, and is or was very abundant in Campar on the eastern coast.  The Ain-i-Akbari says this article was usually brought to India from Achin and Tenasserim.  Both this and spikenard are mentioned by Polo’s contemporary, Kazwini, among the products of Java (probably Sumatra), viz., Java lign-aloes (al-’ Ud al-Jawi), camphor spikenard (Sumbul), etc. Narawastu is the name of a grass with fragrant roots much used as a perfume in the Archipelago, and I see this is rendered spikenard in a translation from the Malay Annals in the Journal of the Archipelago.

With regard to the kingdoms of the island which Marco proceeds to describe, it is well to premise that all the six which he specifies are to be looked for towards the north end of the island, viz., in regular succession up the northern part of the east coast, along the north coast, and down the northern part of the west coast.  This will be made tolerably clear in the details, and Marco himself intimates at the end of the next chapter that the six kingdoms he describes were all at this side or end of the island:  “Or vos avon contee de cesti roiames que sunt de ceste partie de scele ysle, et des autres roiames de l’autre partie ne voz conteron-noz rien.” Most commentators have made confusion by scattering them up and down, nearly all round the coast of Sumatra.  The best remarks on the subject I have met with are by Mr. Logan in his Journal of the Ind.  Arch. II. 610.

The “kingdoms” were certainly many more than eight throughout the island.  At a later day De Barros enumerates 29 on the coast alone.  Crawford reckons 15 different nations and languages on Sumatra and its dependent isles, of which 11 belong to the great island itself.