The following are some other mediaeval accounts of the China shipping, all unanimous as to the main facts.

Friar Jordanus:—­“The vessels which they navigate to Cathay be very big, and have upon the ship’s hull more than one hundred cabins, and with a fair wind they carry ten sails, and they are very bulky, being made of three thicknesses of plank, so that the first thickness is as in our great ships, the second crosswise, the third again longwise.  In sooth, ’tis a very strong affair!” (55.)

Nicolo Conti:—­“They build some ships much larger than ours, capable of containing 2000 butts (vegetes), with five masts and five sails.  The lower part is constructed with triple planking, in order to withstand the force of the tempests to which they are exposed.  And the ships are divided into compartments, so formed that if one part be shattered the rest remains in good order, and enables the vessel to complete its voyage.”

Ibn Batuta:—­“Chinese ships only are used in navigating the sea of China....  There are three classes of these:  (1) the Large, which are called Jonuk (sing. Junk); (2) the Middling, which are called Zao; and (3) the Small, called Kakam.  Each of the greater ships has from twelve sails down to three.  These are made of bamboo laths woven into a kind of mat; they are never lowered, and they are braced this way and that as the wind may blow.  When these vessels anchor the sails are allowed to fly loose.  Each ship has a crew of 1000 men, viz. 600 mariners and 400 soldiers, among whom are archers, target-men, and cross-bow men to shoot naphtha.  Each large vessel is attended by three others, which are called respectively ‘The Half,’ ‘The Third,’ and ‘The Quarter.’  These vessels are built only at Zayton, in China, and at Sinkalan or Sin-ul-Sin (i.e.  Canton).  This is the way they are built.  They construct two walls of timber, which they connect by very thick slabs of wood, clenching all fast this way and that with huge spikes, each of which is three cubits in length.  When the two walls have been united by these slabs they apply the bottom planking, and then launch the hull before completing the construction.  The timbers projecting from the sides towards the water serve the crew for going down to wash and for other needs.  And to these projecting timbers are attached the oars, which are like masts in size, and need from 10 to 15 men[1] to ply each of them.  There are about 20 of these great oars, and the rowers at each oar stand in two ranks facing one another.  The oars are provided with two strong cords or cables; each rank pulls at one of these and then lets go, whilst the other rank pulls on the opposite cable.  These rowers have a pleasant chaunt at their work usually, singing La’ la!  La’ la![2] The three tenders which we have mentioned above also use oars, and tow the great ships when required.