John Marignolli (in China 1342-1347):—­“Now Manzi is a country which has countless cities and nations included in it, past all belief to one who has not seen them....  And among the rest is that most famous city of CAMPSAY, the finest, the biggest, the richest, the most populous, and altogether the most marvellous city, the city of the greatest wealth and luxury, of the most splendid buildings (especially idol-temples, in some of which there are 1000 and 2000 monks dwelling together), that exists now upon the face of the earth, or mayhap that ever did exist.” (Ib. p. 354.) He also speaks, like Odoric, of the “cloister at Campsay, in that most famous monastery where they keep so many monstrous animals, which they believe to be the souls of the departed” (384).  Perhaps this monastery may yet be identified.  Odoric calls it Thebe. [See A.  Vissiere, Bul.  Soc.  Geog.  Com., 1901, pp. 112-113.—­H.C.]

Turning now to Asiatic writers, we begin with Wassaf (A.D. 1300):—­

“KHANZAI is the greatest city of the cities of Chin,

  “‘Stretching like Paradise through the breadth of Heaven.’

“Its shape is oblong, and the measurement of its perimeter is about 24 parasangs.  Its streets are paved with burnt brick and with stone.  The public edifices and the houses are built of wood, and adorned with a profusion of paintings of exquisite elegance.  Between one end of the city and the other there are three Yams (post-stations) established.  The length of the chief streets is three parasangs, and the city contains 64 quadrangles corresponding to one another in structure, and with parallel ranges of columns.  The salt excise brings in daily 700 balish in paper-money.  The number of craftsmen is so great that 32,000 are employed at the dyer’s art alone; from that fact you may estimate the rest.  There are in the city 70 tomans of soldiers and 70 tomans of rayats, whose number is registered in the books of the Dewan.  There are 700 churches (Kalisia) resembling fortresses, and every one of them overflowing with presbyters without faith, and monks without religion, besides other officials, wardens, servants of the idols, and this, that, and the other, to tell the names of which would surpass number and space.  All these are exempt from taxes of every kind.  Four tomans of the garrison constitute the night patrol....  Amid the city there are 360 bridges erected over canals ample as the Tigris, which are ramifications of the great river of Chin; and different kinds of vessels and ferry-boats, adapted to every class, ply upon the waters in such numbers as to pass all powers of enumeration....  The concourse of all kinds of foreigners from the four quarters of the world, such as the calls of trade and travel bring together in a kingdom like this, may easily be conceived.” (Revised on Hammer’s Translation, pp. 42-43.)