made arrangements with one of the Hamburg papers that it should represent his opinions.  He seemed, to have forgotten his own principle that, in foreign affairs at least, an opposition to the policy of the Government should not be permitted.  He claimed a privilege which as Minister he would never have allowed to another.  He defied the Government.  “They shall not silence me,” he said.  It seemed as though he was determined to undo the work of his life.  Under the pretext that he was attacking the policy of the Ministers, he was undermining the loyalty of the people, for few could doubt that it was the Emperor at whom the criticisms were aimed.

In his isolation and retirement, the old uncompromising spirit of his ancestors once more awoke in him.  He had been loyal to the Crown—­who more so?—­but his loyalty had limits.  His long service had been one of personal and voluntary affection; he was not a valet, that his service could be handed on from generation to generation among the assets of the Crown.  “After all,” he would ask, “who are these Hohenzollerns?  My family is as good as theirs.  We have been here longer than they have.”  Like his ancestors who stood out against the rule of the Great Elector, he was putting personal feeling above public duty.  Even if the action of the new Government was not always wise, he himself had made Germany strong enough to support for a few years a weak Ministry.

More than this, he was attempting to destroy the confidence of the people in the moral justice and necessity of the measures by which he had founded the Empire.  They had always been taught that in 1870 their country had been the object of a treacherous and unprovoked attack.  Bismarck, who was always living over again the great scenes in which he had been the leading actor, boasted that but for him there would never have been a war with France.  He referred to the alteration in the Ems telegram, which we have already narrated, and the Government was forced to publish the original documents.  The conclusions drawn from these disclosures and others which followed were exaggerated, but the naive and simple belief of the people was irretrievably destroyed.  Where they had been taught to see the will of God, they found only the machinations of the Minister.  In a country where patriotism had already taken the place of religion, the last illusion had been dispelled; almost the last barrier was broken down which stood between the nation and moral scepticism.

Bismarck’s criticism was very embarrassing to the Government; by injuring the reputation of the Ministry he impaired the influence of the nation.  It was difficult to keep silence and ignore the attack, but the attempts at defence were awkward and unwise.  General Caprivi attempted to defend the treaty with England by reading out confidential minutes, addressed by Bismarck to the Secretary of the Minister for Foreign Affairs, in which he had written that the friendship