63.  ELYMUS arenarius.  ELYMUS geniculatus.  Lime grass.—­The foliage of these grasses make excellent mats and baskets; and where they grow in quantity afford a livelihood to many industrious persons who manufacture these articles.

64.  Salsola Kali.  Glass-wort, or Kelp.  Soda and Barilla are yielded by this plant.  The ashes of this vegetable yield an alkaline salt, which is of considerable use for making glass, soap, &c.  The small quantity grown in this country is by no means equal to the demand, and Spain has the advantage of trade in this article, where the plant grows wild in the greatest abundance.  An impure alkali similar to these is obtained from the combustion of other marine plants, as the Fuci, &c. by the people in Scotland.

65.  Borago officinalis.  Borage—­A fine cooling beverage is made from this herb, called Cool Tankard.  It is merely an infusion of the leaves and flowers put into water, with the addition of wine, nutmeg, &c. &c.

* * * * *

Observations on the bleeding trees, and procuring the Sap for making Wine, and brewing Ale.

In the article birch tree, (p. 34, No. 107, of this volume,) we have mentioned the abstracting the sap for the purpose of making wine; and as this is practicable, and may be obtained in some places at little expense and trouble, I shall take the liberty of transcribing the following curious paper on the subject.

“To obtain the greatest store of sap in the shortest time from the body of a tree, bore it quite through the pith, and the very inner rind on the other side, leaving only the bark unpierced on the north-east side.  This hole to be made sloping upwards with a large auger, and that under a large arm near the ground.  This way the tree will in a short time afford liquor enough to brew with; and with some of these sweet saps, one bushel of malt will make as good ale as four bushels with ordinary water.  The Sycamore yields the best brewing sap.

“The change of weather has a great effect on the bleeding of plants.  When the weather changes from warm to cold, Birch ceases to bleed, and upon the next warmth begins again:  but the contrary obtains in the Walnut-tree, and frequently in the Sycamore, which upon a fit of cold will bleed plentifully, and, as that remits, stop.  A morning sun after frost will make the whole bleeding tribe bleed afresh.

“From the latter end of January to the middle of May trees will bleed.  Those that run first, are the Poplar, Asp, Abele, Maple, Sycamore.  Some, as Willows and the Birch, are best to tap about the middle of the season, and the Walnut towards the latter end of March.

“When a large Walnut will bleed no longer in the body or branches, it will run at the root, and longer on the south or sunny side than on the north or shady side.

“A culinary fire will have the same or greater effect than the sun, and immediately set trees a-bleeding in the severest weather.  Branches of Maple or Willow cut off at both ends, will bleed and cease at pleasure again and again as you approach them to or withdraw them from the fire, provided you balance them in your hand, and often invert them to prevent the falling and expence of the sap; but at length they cease.