“The principal chiefs of the Minnetarees now came down to bid us farewell, as none of them could be prevailed on to go with us.  This circumstance induced our interpreter, Chaboneau, to remain here with his wife and child, as he could no longer be of use to us, and, although we offered to take him with us to the United States, he declined, saying that there he had no acquaintance, and no chance of making a livelihood, and preferred remaining among the Indians.  This man had been very serviceable to us, and his wife was particularly useful among the Shoshonees:  indeed, she had borne with a patience truly admirable the fatigues of so long a route, encumbered with the charge of an infant, who was then only nineteen months old.  We therefore paid him his wages, amounting to five hundred dollars and thirty-three cents, including the price of a horse and a lodge purchased of him, and soon afterward dropped down to the village of Big White, attended on shore by all the Indian chiefs, who had come to take leave of him.

“We found him surrounded by his friends, who sat in a circle smoking, while the women were crying.  He immediately sent his wife and son, with their baggage, on board, accompanied by the interpreter and his wife, and two children; and then, after distributing among his friends some powder and ball which we had given him, and smoking a pipe, he went with us to the river side.  The whole village crowded about us, and many of the people wept aloud at the departure of their chief.”

Once more embarked, the party soon reached Fort Mandan, where they had wintered in 1804.  They found very little of their old stronghold left except a few pickets and one of the houses.  The rest had been destroyed by an accidental fire.  Eighteen miles below, they camped near an old Ricara village, and next day, as they were about to resume their voyage, a brother of Big White, whose camp was farther inland, came running down to the beach to bid Big White farewell.  The parting of the two brothers was very affectionate, and the elder gave the younger a pair of leggings as a farewell present.  The Indian chief was satisfied with his treatment by the whites, and interested himself to tell them traditions of localities which they passed.  August 20 they were below the mouth of Cannon-ball River, and were in the country occupied and claimed by the Sioux.  Here, if anywhere, they must be prepared for attacks from hostile Indians.  At this point, the journal sets forth this interesting observation:—­

“Since we passed in 1804, a very obvious change has taken place in the current and appearance of the Missouri.  In places where at that time there were sandbars, the current of the river now passes, and the former channel of the river is in turn a bank of sand.  Sandbars then naked are now covered with willows several feet high; the entrance of some of the creeks and rivers has changed in consequence of the quantity of mud thrown into them; and in some of the bottoms are layers of mud eight inches in depth.”