the total fall of the water from Celilo to the Dalles is over eighty feet.  Navigation of these rapids is impossible.  As the explorers had no further use for their pirogues, they broke them up for fuel.  The merchandise was laboriously carried around on the river bank.  They were able to buy four horses from the Skilloots for which they paid well in goods.  It was now nearly time for the salmon to begin to run, and under date of April 19 the journal has this entry:—­

“The whole village was filled with rejoicing to-day at having caught a single salmon, which was considered as the harbinger of vast quantities in four or five days.  In order to hasten their arrival the Indians, according to custom, dressed the fish and cut it into small pieces, one of which was given to each child in the village.  In the good humor excited by this occurrence they parted, though reluctantly, with four other horses, for which we gave them two kettles, reserving only a single small one for a mess of eight men.  Unluckily, however, we lost one of the horses by the negligence of the person to whose charge he was committed.  The rest were, therefore, hobbled and tied; but as the nations here do not understand gelding, all the horses but one were stallions; this being the season when they are most vicious, we had great difficulty in managing them, and were obliged to keep watch over them all night. . . .

“As it was obviously our interest to preserve the goodwill of these people, we passed over several small thefts which they committed, but this morning we learnt that six tomahawks and a knife had been stolen during the night.  We addressed ourselves to the chief, who seemed angry with his people, and made a harangue to them; but we did not recover the articles, and soon afterward two of our spoons were missing.  We therefore ordered them all from our camp, threatening to beat severely any one detected in purloining.  This harshness irritated them so much that they left us in an ill-humor, and we therefore kept on our guard against any insult.  Besides this knavery, the faithlessness of the people is intolerable; frequently, after receiving goods in exchange for a horse, they return in a few hours and insist on revoking the bargain or receiving some additional value.  We discovered, too, that the horse which was missing yesterday had been gambled away by the fellow from whom we had purchased him, to a man of a different nation, who had carried him off.  We succeeded in buying two more horses, two dogs, and some chappelell, and also exchanged a couple of elk-skins for a gun belonging to the chief. . . .  One of the canoes, for which the Indians would give us very little, was cut up for fuel; two others, together with some elk-skins and pieces of old iron, we bartered for beads, and the remaining two small ones were despatched early next morning, with all the baggage which could not be carried on horseback.  We had intended setting out at the same time, but one of our horses broke loose during