“The Indians who have just left us are the Yanktons, a tribe of the great nation of Sioux.  These Yanktons are about two hundred men in number, and inhabit the Jacques, Des Moines, and Sioux Rivers.  In person they are stout, well proportioned, and have a certain air of dignity and boldness.  In their dress they differ nothing from the other bands of the nation whom we met afterwards.”

Of the Sioux let us say here, there are many bands, or subdivisions.  Some writers make eighteen of these principal branches.  But the first importance is given to the Sioux proper, or Dakotas.  The name “Sioux” is one of reproach, given by their enemies, and signifies “snake;” whereas “Dakota” means “friend” or “ally.”  The Lewis and Clark journal says of the Yankton-Sioux:—­

“What struck us most was an institution peculiar to them and to the Kite (Crow) Indians further to the westward, from whom it is said to have been copied.  It is an association of the most active and brave young men, who are bound to each other by attachment, secured by a vow, never to retreat before any danger, or give way to their enemies.  In war they go forward without sheltering themselves behind trees, or aiding their natural valor by any artifice.  Their punctilious determination not to be turned from their course became heroic, or ridiculous, a short time since, when the Yanktons were crossing the Missouri on the ice.  A hole lay immediately in their course, which might easily have been avoided by going around.  This the foremost of the band disdained to do, but went straight forward and was lost.  The others would have followed his example, but were forcibly prevented by the rest of the tribe.  These young men sit, camp, and dance together, distinct from the rest of the nation; they are generally about thirty or thirty-five years old, and such is the deference paid to courage that their seats in council are superior to those of the chiefs and their persons more respected.  But, as may be supposed, such indiscreet bravery will soon diminish the numbers of those who practise it; so that the band is now reduced to four warriors, who were among our visitors.  These were the remains of twenty-two who composed the society not long ago; but, in a battle with the Kite (Crow) Indians of the Black Mountains, eighteen of them were killed, and these four were dragged from the field by their companions.”

Just above the site of the city of Yankton, and near what is still known as Bon Homme Island, Captain Clark explored a singular earth formation in a bend of the river.  This had all the appearance of an ancient fortification, stretching across the bend and furnished with redoubts and other features of a great fort.  In the journal is given a glowing account of the work and an elaborate map of the same.  Modern research, however, has proved that this strange arrangement of walls and parapets is only a series of sand ridges formed by the currents of the river and driftings of sand.  Many of these so-called earthworks are situated on the west bank of the Upper Missouri, in North Dakota and South Dakota.