Such questions used to be asked, and when they were asked, although one might have a very strong feeling that it was not so, at the same time one could not exactly say why.  One could not then find any scientific argument for objections to that point of view.  But with the further development of the question the whole subject began gradually to wear a different appearance; and I am going to give you a little bit of autobiography, because I think it may be of some interest in this connection.  I am going to mention two or three of the successive stages which the whole question took in my own mind as one thing came up after another, and how from time to time it began to dawn upon me that I had up to that point been looking at the problem from not exactly the right point of view.

When Darwin’s “Descent of Man” was published in 1871, it was of course a book characterized by all his immense learning, his wonderful fairness of spirit and fertility of suggestion.  Still, one could not but feel that it did not solve the question of the origin of man.  There was one great contrast between that book and his “Origin of Species.”  In the earlier treatise he undertook to point out a vera causa of the origin of species, and he did it.  In his “Descent of Man” he brought together a great many minor generalizations which facilitated the understanding of man’s origin.  But he did not come at all near to solving the central problem, nor did he anywhere show clearly why natural selection might not have gone on forever producing one set of beings after another distinguishable chiefly by physical differences.  But Darwin’s co-discoverer, Alfred Russel Wallace, at an early stage in his researches, struck out a most brilliant and pregnant suggestion.  In that one respect Wallace went further than ever Darwin did.  It was a point of which, indeed, Darwin admitted the importance.  It was a point of which nobody could fail to understand the importance, that in the course of the evolution of a very highly organized animal, if there came a point at which it was of more advantage to that animal to have variations in his intelligence seized upon and improved by natural selection than to have physical changes seized upon, then natural selection would begin working almost exclusively upon that creature’s intelligence, and he would develop in intelligence to a great extent, while his physical organism would change but slightly.  Now, that of course applied to the case of man, who is changed physically but very slightly from the apes, while he has traversed intellectually such a stupendous chasm.