[Footnote 1:  Callaway, Religion of the Zulus, p. 232.]

[Footnote 2:  Graham Dalzell, Darker Superstitions of Scotland, p. 481.]

[Footnote 3:  See good evidence in Ker of Kersland’s Memoirs.]

[Footnote 4:  Autus Gellius, xv. 18, Dio Cassius, lxvii., Crespet, De la Haine du Diable, Proces de Jeanne d’Arc.]

[Footnote 5:  See ‘Shamanism in Siberia,’ J.A.I., November 1894, pp. 147-149, and compare Scheffer.  The article is very learned and interesting.]

[Footnote 6:  Williams mentions second sight in Fiji, but gives no examples.]

[Footnote 7:  Primitive Culture, i. 447.  Mr. Tylor cites Dr. Brinton’s Myths of the New World, p. 269.  The reference in the recent edition is p. 289.  Carver’s case is given under the head ‘Possession’ later.]

[Footnote 8:  Journal Historique p. 362; Atlantic Monthly, July 1866.]

[Footnote 9:  Probably impepo, eaten by seers, according to Callaway.]

[Footnote 10:  Callaway’s Religion of the Amazulu, p. 358.]

[Footnote 11:  Oxford, 1674.]

[Footnote 12:  Voyages.]

[Footnote 13:  From Charlevoix, Journal Historique, p. 362.]

[Footnote 14:  Bastian, Ueber psych.  Beobacht. p.21.]

[Footnote 14:  Op. cit. p.26.]

[Footnote 15:  Miss Kingsley, Travels in West Africa, p. 460.]

[Footnote 16:  Primitive Culture, ii, 181; Mason’s Burmah, p. 107.]

[Footnote 17:  Schoolcraft, i. 394.]

[Footnote 18:  Brinton’s Religions of Primitive Peoples, p. 57.]

[Footnote 19:  Purchas, p. 629.]

[Footnote 20:  S.P.R. Proceedings, vol. vi. 69.]

[Footnote 21:  Binet and Fere, Animal Magnetism, p. 64.]

[Footnote 22:  Vol. vii.  Mrs. Sidgwick, pp. 30, 356; vol. vi. p. 66, Professor Richet, p. 407, Drs. Dufay and Azam.]

[Footnote 23:  The examples in the Old Testament, and in the Life of St. Columba by Adamnan, need only be alluded to as too familiar for quotation.]

V

CRYSTAL VISIONS, SAVAGE AND CIVILISED

Among savage methods of provoking hallucinations whence knowledge may be supernormally obtained, various forms of ‘crystal-gazing’ are the most curious.  We find the habit of looking into water, usually in a vessel, preferably a glass vessel, among Red Indians (Lejeune), Romans (Varro, cited in Civitas Dei, iii. 457), Africans of Fez (Leo Africanus); while Maoris use a drop of blood (Taylor), Egyptians use ink (Lane), and Australian savages employ a ball of polished stone, into which the seer ‘puts himself’ to descry the results of an expedition.[1]