that occupied by Moses to Jehovah and the Israelites.’  A feature in ritual is the sacred bundles of unknown contents, brought from the original home in Mexico.  The Pawnees were created by Ti-ra-wa.  They believe in a happy future life, while the wicked die, and there is an end of them.  They cite their dreams of the dead as an argument for a life beyond the tomb.  ’We see ourselves living with Ti-ra-wa!’ An evil earlier race, which knew not Ti-ra-wa, was destroyed by him in the Deluge; evidence is found in large fossil bones, and it would be an interesting inquiry whether such fossils are always found where the story of a ‘sin-flood’ occurs.  If so, fossils must be universally diffused.

As is common, the future life is attested, not only by dreams, but in the experience of men who ‘have died’ and come back to life, like Secret Pipe Chief, who told the story to Mr. Grinnell.  These visions in a state of apparent death are not peculiar to savages, and, no doubt, have had much effect on beliefs about the next world.[7] Ghosts are rarely seen, but auditory hallucinations, as of a voice giving good advice in time of peril, are regarded as the speech of ghosts.  The beasts are also friendly, as fellow children with men of Ti-ra-wa.  To the Morning Star the Skidi or Wolf Pawnees offered on rare occasions a captive man.  The ceremony was not unlike that of the Aztecs, though less cruel.  Curiously enough, the slayer of the captive had instantly to make a mock flight, as in the Attic Bouphonia.  This, however, was a rite paid to the Morning Star, not to Ti-ra-wa, ’the power above that moves the universe and controls all things.’  Sacrifice to Ti-ra-wa was made on rare and solemn occasions out of his two chief gifts, deer and buffalo.  ’Through corn, deer, buffalo, and the sacred bundles, we worship Ti-ra-wa.’

The flesh was burned in the fire, while prayers were made with great earnestness.  In the old Skidi rite the women told the fattened captive what they desired to gain from the Ruler.  It is occasionally said that the human sacrifice was made to Ti-ra-wa himself.  The sacrificer not only fled, but fasted and mourned.  It is possible that, as among the Aztecs, the victim was regarded as also an embodiment of the God, but this is not certain, the rite having long been disused.  Mr. Grinnell got the description from a very old Skidi.  There was also a festival of thanks to Ti-ra-wa for corn.  During a sacred dance and hymn the corn is held up to the Ruler by a woman.  Corn is ritually called ‘The Mother,’ as in Peru.[8] ‘We are like seed, and we worship through the Corn.’

Disease is caused by evil spirits, and many American soldiers were healed by Pawnee doctors, though their hurts had refused to yield to the treatment of the United States Army Surgeons.[9]