LEIPZIG (357), in the W. of Saxony, and largest city of that kingdom; is the third city in Germany.  The old portion is narrow and quaint, with historic buildings; the new is well built, with splendid edifices.  It is the seat of the supreme court of the Empire, of an old university which has a magnificent library and well-equipped medical school, and of one of the finest conservatories of music in Europe.  Its chief trade is in books, furs, leather, and cloth, and its chief industries type-founding and pianoforte-making.  It was the birthplace of Leibnitz and Wagner, and is associated also with Bach and Mendelssohn.

LEITH (68), chief seaport in E. of Scotland, on the Forth, contiguous to Edinburgh and the port of it; is an old, unattractive, but busy town.  The harbour comprises five docks.  The imports are corn, flour, wines, sugar, and fruit; the exports, coal, iron, paraffin, and whisky.  There are shipbuilding and engineering works, breweries, distilleries, and other industries.  Leith Fort, between the town and Newhaven, is the head-quarters of the artillery for Scotland.

LEITHA, an Austrian stream which flows NE. and falls into the Danube E. of Vienna; divides Cis-Leithan from Trans-Leithan.

LELAND, CHARLES, an American writer, born at Philadelphia; bred to the bar, but left law for literature, and contributed to the journals; has taken interest in and written on the industrial arts, social science, folk-lore, the gypsies, &c.; his works are numerous, and of a humorous or burlesque character, and include “The Poetry and Mystery of Dreams,” “The Legends of Birds,” “Hans Breitmann’s Ballads,” &c.; b. 1824.

LELAND, JOHN, English antiquary, born in London; travelled much on the Continent and amassed vast learning; held a commission from Henry VIII. to examine the antiquities and libraries of England, in fulfilment of which charge he spent six years in collecting a world of things that would otherwise have been lost, and the rest of his life, till he went insane, in arranging them (1506-1552).

LELAND, JOHN, a Nonconformist minister, born in Wigan; wrote chiefly in defence of Christianity against the attacks of the Deists (1691-1766).

LELY, SIR PETER, a painter, born in Westphalia; settled in London; took to portrait-painting, and was patronised by Charles I. and II., as well as by Cromwell; he painted the portraits of his patrons, and the beauties of Charles II.’s court; was Vandyck’s successor (1618-1680).

LEMAN LAKE, the LAKE OF GENEVA (q. v.).

LEMBERG (128), the capital of Austrian Galicia, from its central position and ready communication with rivers and railways, enjoys an extensive trade; Polish is the prevailing language; there is a flourishing university, and of the population 40,000 are Jews.

LEMMING RAT, a rodent, which “travelling in myriads seawards from the hills,” as seen in Norway, “turns not to the right or the left, eats its way through whatever will eat, and climbs over whatever will not eat, and perishes before reaching the sea, its consistent rigidly straight journey, a journey nowhither.”  See the Application in the “Latter Pamphlet,” No. 6.