complete, the best of all dictionaries”; during the progress of the Dictionary Johnson edited the Rambler, writing most of the contents himself, carrying it on for two years; in 1758 he started the Idler; in 1762 the king granted him a pension of L300, and by this he was raised above the straitened circumstances which till then had all along weighed upon him, and able to live in comparative affluence for the last 22 years of his life; five years after he instituted the Literary Club, which consisted of the most celebrated men of the time, his biographer, Boswell, having by this time been introduced to him, as subsequently the family of Mr. Thrale; in 1770 he began his “Lives of the English Poets,” and in 1773 he made a tour in the Highlands along with Boswell, of which journey he shortly afterwards published an account; Johnson’s writings are now dead, as are many of his opinions, but the story of his life as written by BOSWELL (q. v.) will last as long as men revere those qualities of mind and heart that distinguish the English race, of which he is the typical representative (1709-1783).

JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH, cartographer, born at Kirkhill, Midlothian; was an engraver by trade, and devoted himself with singular success to the preparation of atlases; the “National Atlas” was published in 1843, and the “Royal Atlas of Geography” (1861) was the finest till then produced; he also executed atlases physical, geological, and astronomical, and constructed the first physical globe; honours were showered upon him by home and foreign geographical societies; he died at Ben Rhydding (1804-1871).

JOHNSTON, JAMES FINLAY WEIR, agricultural chemist, born at Paisley, educated at Glasgow; acquired a fortune by his marriage in 1830, and devoted himself to studying chemistry; after some years in Sweden he was chosen lecturer in Durham University, but he resided in Edinburgh, and wrote his “Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry,” since translated into most European languages, and his “Chemistry of Common Life”; he died at Durham (1796-1855).

JOHNSTONE (10), a Renfrewshire manufacturing town, on the Black Cart, 31/2 m.  W. of Paisley; has flax, cotton, paper, and iron industries.

JOHNSTOWN (22), a city of Pennsylvania, engaged in iron and steel manufactures; was overwhelmed by the bursting of a reservoir, May 31, 1889.

JOHORE (200), a Mohammedan State in the S. of the Malayan Peninsula, 15 m.  N. of Singapore; half the population are Chinese; exports gambier, pepper, and coffee.

JOINVILLE, JEAN, SIRE DE, French chronicler, seneschal of Champagne, born in Chalons-sur-Marne; author of the “Vie de St. Louis”; followed Louis IX. in the crusade of 1248, but refused to join in that of 1270; he lived through six reigns, and his biography of his sovereign is one of the most remarkable books of the Middle Ages; his “Vie de St. Louis” deals chiefly with the Crusade, and is, says Prof.  Saintsbury, “one of the most circumstantial records we have of mediaeval life and thought”; it is gossipy, and abounds in digressions (1224-1319).