JACQUARD LOOM, a loom with an apparatus for weaving figures in textiles, such as silks, muslins, and carpets, which was the invention of an ingenious Frenchman, born in Lyons, of the name of Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834).

JACQUERIE, the name given to an insurrection of French peasants against the nobles in the ILE OF FRANCE (q. v.), which broke out on May 21, 1358, during the absence of King John as a prisoner in England; it was caused by the oppressive exactions of the nobles, and was accompanied with much savagery and violence, but the nobles combined against the revolt, as they did not do at the time of Revolution, preferring rather to leave the country in a pet, and it was extinguished on the 9th June following.

JACQUES BONHOMME, a name given to a French peasant as tamely submissive to taxation.

JADE, is the common name of about 150 ornamental stones, but belongs properly only to nephrite, a pale grey, yellowish, or white mineral found in New Zealand, Siberia, and chiefly in China, where it is highly valued.

JAEL, the Jewish matron who slew Sisera the Canaanitish captain, smiting a nail into his temples as he lay asleep in her tent, Judges iv. 18, 21.

JAEN (26), a picturesque cathedral city, capital of a province of the same name, in Andalusia, Spain, on a tributary of the Guadalquivir, 50 m.  NW. of Granada; the province (438) lies along the valley of the Guadalquivir, and was once a Moorish kingdom.

JAGGANNATHA.  See JUGGERNAUT.

JAGHIR, revenue from land or the produce of it, assigned in India by the Government to an individual as a reward for some special service.

JAHN, FRED. L., a German patriot, born in Pomerania; did much to rouse his country into revolt against the domination of France in 1813 (1778-1852).

JAHN, JOHAN, a Catholic theologian and Orientalist, born in Moravia; held professorships in Olmuetz and Vienna; was distinguished as a Biblical scholar, author of “Biblical Archaeology,” in five vols., as well as an Introduction to the Old Testament, with Grammar, Lexicons, &c., in connection with the Biblical languages (1750-1816).

JAHN, OTTO, philologist and archaeologist, born at Kiel; after holding the post of lecturer at Kiel and Greifswald he, in 1847, was appointed to the chair of Archaeology in Leipzig; becoming involved in the political troubles of 1848-49, he lost his professorial position, but subsequently held similar appointments at Bonn and Berlin; his voluminous writings, which cover the field of Greek and Roman art and literature, and include valuable contributions to the history of music, are of first-rate importance (1813-1869).

JAIL FEVER, the popular name of a fever now known to be a severe form of typhus, such as happened in 1579 at the “Black Assize,” so called as so many of those in the conduct of it died infected by the prisoners.