JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH, a German philosopher, born at Duesseldorf; bred for business, and after engaging in it for a time threw it up for a revenue appointment; devoted all his by-hours to philosophy and correspondence with eminent men, and was appointed President of the Academy of Sciences at Muenich in 1807; he formed no system and he founded no school; his thoughts present themselves in a detached form, and are to be gathered from letters, dialogues, and imaginative works; he contended for the dogma of “immediate cognition as the special organ of the supersensuous,” and failed to see, as SCHWEGLER notes, that said cognition “has already described a series of subjective intermediating movements, and can pretend to immediacy only in entire oblivion of its own nature and origin” (1743-1819).

JACOBI, KARL GUSTAVO, a celebrated German mathematician, born at Potsdam, of Jewish birth; was professor at Koenigsberg and Berlin, and one of the founders of the theory of determinants (1801-1851).

JACOBINS, a political club, originally known as the Club Breton, which was founded in Paris during the French Revolution; so called from its place of meeting in the Rue St. Honore, which had previously been a Jacobin friar convent; it exercised a great influence over the course of the Revolution, and had affiliated societies all over the country, working along with it; its members were men of extreme revolutionary views, procured the death of the king, exterminated the Girondists, roused the lowest classes against the middle, and were the ruling spirits during the Reign of Terror, of whom Robespierre was the chief, the fall of whom sealed their doom; they were mobbed out of their place of meeting with execrations on Hallow-Eve 1794.

JACOBITES, a name given to certain partisans of Eutychean sect in the 17th century in the East, from the name of their leader.

JACOBITES, the name given to the adherents of the Stuart dynasty in Great Britain after their expulsion from the throne in 1688, and derived from that of James II., the last Stuart king; they made two great attempts to restore the exiled dynasty, in 1715 and 1745, but both were unsuccessful, after which the movement exhausted itself in an idle sentimentality, which also is by this time as good as extinct.

JACOBS, a German Greek scholar, born at Gotha; editor of “Anthologia Graeca” (1767-1847).

JACOBUS, a gold coin of the reign of James I., worth 25 shillings.

JACOBY, JOHAN, a Prussian politician, born in Koenigsberg; bred to medicine, but best known as a politician in a liberal interest, which involved him in prosecutions; was imprisoned for protesting against the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine; he was a man of fearless honesty, and one day had the courage to say to the Emperor William I., “It is the misfortune of kings that they will not listen to the truth” (1805-1877).

JACOTOT, JEAN JOSEPH, a celebrated educationalist, born at Dijon, France; after holding various educational appointments, he in 1818 became professor of the French Language and Literature at Louvain, and subsequently held the post of Director of the Military Normal School; he is noted for his “Universal Method” of education, which is based on his assumption that men’s minds are of equal calibre (1770-1840).